Devices, systems and methods for ultra-low volume liquid biopsy

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are devices, systems, kits and methods for obtaining genetic information from cell-free fetal nucleic acids in ultra-low amounts of biological samples. Due to the convenience of obtaining ultra-low amounts of samples, devices, systems, kits and methods can be at least partially employed at a point of need.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/578,179 filed on Oct. 27, 2017. Priority is claimedpursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 119. The above noted patent application isincorporated by reference as if set forth fully herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Genetic testing is a means for obtaining information about a subject'sDNA and/or expression of that DNA. Genetic tests are continually beingdeveloped to obtain biological information about a subject. Thisbiological information has many uses, including determining a healthstatus of an individual, diagnosing an individual with an infection ordisease, determining a suitable treatment for the individual, solving acrime and identifying paternity. Currently, genetic testing is mainlyperformed in clinics and laboratories by trained personnel withexpensive and bulky equipment that requires technical training andexpertise to use. It typically takes days to weeks, from the time abiological sample is obtained from a patient, to provide the patientwith results of a genetic test.

Cell-free nucleic acids originate from various tissue types and arereleased into the circulation of an individual. The pool of cell-freenucleic acids in circulation often represents the genetic makeup ofcontributing tissue types. In the case of a healthy individual, it canbe a very homogenous pool without much variation. However, when a tissuecontains a noticeably different genome, a more heterogeneous cell-freenucleic acid pool can be observed. Common examples of subjects havingtissues with noticeably different genomes include, but are not limitedto: (a) cancer patients, where the tumor DNA contains mutated sites (b)transplant patients, where the transplanted organ releases donor DNAinto the pool of cell-free DNA and (c) pregnant women, where theplacenta contributes cell-free DNA that is largely representative of thefetal DNA. In some instances, a genome may be noticeably different dueto epigenetic modifications. DNA from different tissues, organs and celltypes has been shown to have distinct epigenetic patterns. Thus, it maybe possible to detect cell-free nucleic acids from tissues, organs, andcells including, but not limited to, brain, liver, adipose, pancreas,endothelium, and immune cells. In addition, when a tissue or cell typeof an individual is affected by a disease or infection, there may bemore cell-free DNA from that tissue or cell-type circulating in thatindividual.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Disclosed herein are devices, systems, kits and methods for analyzingcomponents (e.g., nucleic acids, proteins) of a biological sample,including a sample from an animal (human or non-human). In general,devices, systems, kits and methods disclosed herein are capable ofproviding genetic information from an ultra-low volume of a sample bytaking advantage of cell-free DNA fragmentation. For brevity, this maybe referred to as “ultra-low volume liquid biopsy.” Prior to the instantdisclosure, it was not expected that one could obtain reliable anduseful genetic information from ultra-low volumes of samples because itwas not believed that ultra-low volumes would provide a sufficientamount of cell-free nucleic acids from a particular tissue of interest(e.g., brain, liver, placenta, tumor) to be detectable or informative.Moreover, with an abundance of background signal from other cell-freenucleic acids, particularly those from blood cells, and the variation ofthat background from subject to subject, reproducibility and reliablecomparisons between test subjects and control subject seemed nearlyimpossible.

In contrast to cellular DNA, cell-free DNA is fragmented. In order toanalyze cell-free DNA from ultra-low volumes of sample, methods,devices, systems and kits disclosed herein utilize cell-free DNAfragments from repetitive regions (e.g., regions with a common sequence)and/or multiple regions as statistically independent markers. Methods,devices, systems and kits disclosed herein are possible becausecell-free DNA fragments from repetitive regions (e.g., regions of thegenome containing multiple copies of the same or similar sequence), ormany regions collectively, are present at a higher effectiveconcentration in a sample than non-fragmented DNA sequences would be.Thus, sample volumes that contain a number of analytes sufficient toobtain useful genetic information are lower than previously thought.Advantageously, fragments from repetitive regions may be amplified witha single pair of primers or detected with a single probe. Alternativelyor additionally, multiple detection regions that do not share similarsequences may be detected in small volumes, e.g., by tagging andamplifying them with a universal primer or amplifying with multipleprimer pairs (e.g. in a multiplexed format).

Due to their ability to obtain useful genetic information from ultra-lowvolumes of biological samples, the devices, systems, kits and methodsoffer the advantages of being (1) minimally invasive, (2) applicable inhome with little or no technical training (e.g., do not require complexequipment); and (3) informative at early stages of a condition (e.g.,pregnancy, infection). These advantages reduce or negate the requirementfor a laboratory or technician, thereby improving patient accessibility,compliance, and monitoring. This ultimately leads to improved healthoutcomes at lower cost to the healthcare system.

Analysis of cell-free circulating nucleic acids is met with a number oftechnical challenges. For instance, amplification of circulating nucleicacids in blood may be inhibited by some of the components in whole blood(e.g., hemoglobin). One of the ways the instant methods, systems anddevices solve this technical challenge, is by obtaining plasma(containing cell-free nucleic acids) from capillary blood in a mannerthat avoids contamination from components in whole blood.

Analysis of cell-free circulating nucleic acids in small sample volumesis particularly challenging. Despite past attempts to accomplish thisgoal, and for the reasons described herein, the field has remainedskeptical that useful and accurate genetic information can be obtainedfrom cell-free DNA in small sample volumes that can be collected at apoint of need (e.g., capillary blood from a finger prick). The methods,systems and devices disclosed herein not only overcome these technicalchallenges, but can be used at a point of need, something that waspractically inconceivable given the state of the art.

For example, past attempts to analyze circulating cell-free tumor DNA infive or more milliliters of blood were only informative when the samplehad a relatively high tumor burden (e.g., 15-20%) and a fraction of thegenome altered (FGA) of 15%, or more, which make the alterations easierto detect. However, in a majority of patients, the tumor burden is muchlower. Thus, past attempts exclude a significant portion of the patientpopulation. In further attempts, analyzing smaller amounts of biologicalsample were unsuccessful due to white blood cell contamination. Inaddition, obtaining five or more milliliters of blood from an individualrequires a laboratory technician, which increases the cost of thegenetic analysis and inconvenience to the patient (e.g., inconveniencecaused by the time, discomfort, and expense of the genetic analysis).The present methods, devices, and systems are configured to provideuseful and accurate genetic information by analyzing a biologicalsample, such as capillary blood, in amounts much lower than fivemilliliters that can be collected at a point of need (e.g., capillaryblood from a finger prick).

Even if past attempts analyzed smaller sample volumes, they producedartificial results. For example, some past attempts of analyzing smalleramounts of sample dilute genomic DNA from cell lines and shear thegenomic DNA to produce and detect cell free (cfDNA) surrogates.Down-sampling or dilutions of cell line DNA/sheared DNA and in silicomethods produce artificial results because they are not reflective ofsize and length distributions and bin information in individual sampleswith low input number of molecules. In another example, past attempts toanalyze smaller amounts of a biological sample produce artificialresults because they rely on detecting predetermined mutations, whichcan also be referred to as “known events.” The instant disclosurepresents methods, systems and devices for obtaining plasma (containingcell-free nucleic acids) from a small amount of capillary blood (e.g.,finger prick) in a manner that provides accurate and non-predeterminedgenetic information from non-surrogate cfDNA.

The past attempts described herein would have to use a combination oflow pass/low coverage whole genome sequencing in an initial detectionstep, and thereafter perform additional analysis in further detail toperform a genetic analysis accurately. Low pass/low coverage wholegenome sequences is not optimal for detecting unknown events with highsensitivity, and likely will require more detailed follow up assays. Useof multiple assays to provide a genetic analysis is costly, inefficient,and is not a fungible solution at the point of need. By contrast, thepresent methods, devices, and systems solve the above problems byproviding a way to obtain an accurate genetic analysis from ultra-lowsample volumes by using multiple fragments of cell-free DNA thatcollectively are present at a high concentration that is detectable evenin small samples.

Devices, systems, kits and methods disclosed herein are summarized asfollows.

Disclosed herein, in some aspects are methods that comprise obtainingcapillary blood from a subject, wherein the capillary blood comprisescell-free nucleic acids; sequencing at least a portion of the cell-freenucleic acids to produce sequencing reads; measuring at least a portionof sequencing reads corresponding to at least one target sequence ofinterest; and detecting a normal representation, an overrepresentationor an underrepresentation of the at least one target sequence. Furtherdisclosed herein are methods that comprise obtaining capillary bloodfrom a subject, wherein the capillary blood comprises cell-free nucleicacids; optionally amplifying the cell-free nucleic acids; tagging atleast a portion of the cell-free nucleic acids to produce a library oftagged cell-free nucleic acids; optionally amplifying the taggedcell-free nucleic acids; sequencing at least a portion of the taggedcell-free nucleic acids; and detecting a normal representation, anoverrepresentation or an underrepresentation of at least one targetsequence in the at least a portion of the tagged cell-free nucleicacids. Methods may comprise producing a library having an efficiency ofat least 0.5. Methods may comprise amplifying the cell-free nucleicacids or tagged cell-free nucleic acids in the presence of a crowdingagent. Methods may comprise repairing ends of the cell-free nucleicacids. In some aspects, methods comprise obtaining a biological samplefrom a subject, wherein the biological sample comprises target cell-freenucleic acids and non-target cell-free nucleic acids that together makeup total cell-free nucleic acids, and wherein the target cell-freenucleic acids are less than 5% of the total cell-free nucleic acids;sequencing at least a portion of the target cell-free nucleic acids toproduce sequencing reads; measuring at least a portion of sequencingreads corresponding to at least one target sequence of interest; anddetecting a normal representation, an overrepresentation or anunderrepresentation of the at least one target sequence. The biologicalsample may comprise capillary blood. The biological sample may consistessentially of capillary blood. Obtaining the biological sample maycomprise obtaining capillary blood. Obtaining the biological sample mayconsist essentially of obtaining capillary blood. Obtaining thebiological sample may not comprise obtaining venous blood. Obtaining thebiological sample may not comprise performing a phlebotomy. Obtainingthe biological sample may comprise obtaining not more than 1 milliliterof blood. Obtaining the biological sample may comprise obtaining notmore than 100 microliters of blood. Obtaining the biological sample maycomprise obtaining not more than 40 microliters of blood. Methods maycomprise detecting the normal representation, overrepresentation orunderrepresentation of the at least one target sequence with at least98% accuracy. Methods may comprise whole genome amplification. Methodsmay not comprise whole genome amplification. In some instances, thetarget cell-free nucleic acids are cell-free nucleic acids from a tumor.In some instances, the target cell-free nucleic acids are cell-freenucleic acids from a fetus. In some instances, the target cell-freenucleic acids are cell-free nucleic acids from a transplanted tissue ororgan.

Disclosed herein are method that comprise obtaining a biological samplefrom a subject, wherein the biological sample contains up to about 10⁹cell-free nucleic acid molecules; sequencing at least a portion of thecell-free nucleic acid molecules to produce sequencing reads; measuringat least a portion of sequencing reads corresponding to at least onechromosomal region; and detecting a normal representation, anoverrepresentation or an underrepresentation of the at least onechromosomal region. In some instances, the biological sample is abiological fluid having a volume of less than about 500 μl. In someinstances, the biological sample is a biological fluid having a volumeof about 1 μL to about 100 μl. In some instances, the biological sampleis a biological fluid having a volume of about 5 μL to about 80 μl. Insome instances, the biological sample has a volume of about 5 μL toabout 60 μl. Methods may comprise amplifying the cell-free nucleic acidmolecules before sequencing. Methods may comprise tagging the cell-freenucleic acid molecules before sequencing and after amplifying. Methodsmay comprise tagging the cell-free nucleic acid molecules beforesequencing. Methods may comprise amplifying the cell-free nucleic acidmolecules after tagging the cell-free nucleic acid molecules. Methodsmay comprise amplifying the cell-free nucleic acid molecules beforetagging the cell-free nucleic acid molecules. Methods may compriseamplifying comprises contacting the cell-free nucleic acid moleculeswith random oligonucleotide primers. Amplifying may comprise isothermalamplification. Methods may comprise detecting an overrepresentation ofsequencing reads corresponding to at least one target chromosome.Methods may comprise detecting an underrepresentation of sequencingreads corresponding to at least one target chromosome. Methods maycomprise comparing the number of sequencing reads corresponding to theat least one target chromosome to a reference number of sequencing readscorresponding to the at least one target chromosome. Methods maycomprise measuring at least 1000 sequencing reads corresponding to theat least one chromosomal region. Methods may comprise measuring at least1000 sequencing reads corresponding to at least one non-targetchromosomal region. In general, the biological sample is biologicalfluid. The biological sample may comprise blood, plasma, serum, urine,interstitial fluid, vaginal cells, vaginal fluid, buccal cells, orsaliva. The biological sample may consist essentially of blood, plasma,serum, urine, interstitial fluid, vaginal fluid, or saliva. In someinstances, the biological sample is serum. In some instances, thebiological sample is plasma. Methods may further comprise separating theplasma or serum from a blood sample. Separating may comprise filteringthe blood sample to remove cells, cell fragments, microvesicles, or acombination thereof, from the blood sample to produce the plasma sample.The biological sample may be a blood sample having a volume of about 5μl to about 1 ml. The biological sample may be a blood sample having avolume of about 5 μl to about 150 μl. Obtaining the blood sample maycomprise pricking a finger. Obtaining the blood sample may furthercomprise milking or squeezing blood from the pricked finger. In someinstances, the method does not comprising milking or squeezing bloodfrom the pricked finger. In some instances, obtaining the blood sampledoes not comprise a phlebotomy. Biological samples may contain about 10⁴to about 10⁹ cell-free nucleic acid molecules. Biological samples maycontain about 10⁴ to about 10⁸ cell-free nucleic acid molecules.Biological samples may contain about 10⁴ to about 10⁷ cell-free nucleicacid molecules. Biological samples may contain less than 300 pg ofcell-free nucleic acid molecules. Biological samples may contain lessthan 3 ng of cell-free nucleic acid molecules. Methods may comprisedetecting the normal representation, overrepresentation orunderrepresentation with greater than 98% accuracy. Methods may comprisedetecting the normal representation, overrepresentation orunderrepresentation with greater than 99% accuracy. In some instances,the subject is a pregnant subject and the cell-free nucleic acidmolecules comprise cell-free fetal nucleic acid molecules. Methods maycomprise comparing the number of sequencing reads corresponding to theat least one chromosomal region to a reference number of sequencingreads corresponding to the at least one chromosomal region. In someinstances, the reference number is based on at least one sample from atleast one euploid pregnant subject with a euploid fetus. In someinstances, the reference number is based on at least one sample from atleast one euploid pregnant subject with an aneuploid fetus. In someinstances, the at least one sample is the same sample type and samesample volume as the biological sample. In some instances, thebiological sample comprises about 10⁶ to about 10¹² total cell-freenucleic acid molecules, wherein the total cell-free nucleic acidmolecules consist essentially of the cell-free fetal nucleic acidmolecules and maternal cell-free nucleic acid molecules. Methods maycomprise detecting that there is a fetal aneuploidy of the at least onechromosomal region when a ratio of sequencing reads corresponding to theat least one chromosomal region to sequencing reads corresponding to atleast one non-target chromosomal region is different from a respectiveratio in a control biological sample from a control pregnant euploidsubject with a euploid fetus. Methods may comprise detecting, that thereis not a fetal aneuploidy of the at least one chromosomal region when aratio of sequencing reads corresponding to the at least one chromosomalregion to sequencing reads corresponding to at least one non-targetchromosomal region is the same as a respective ratio in a controlbiological sample from a control pregnant euploid subject with a euploidfetus. In some instances, the at least one chromosomal region is locatedon at least one of chromosome 13, chromosome 16, chromosome 18,chromosome 21, chromosome 22, chromosome X, or chromosome Y. In someinstances, the at least one non-target chromosomal region is at leastone of a chromosome other than chromosome 13, chromosome 16, chromosome18, chromosome 21, chromosome 22, chromosome X, or chromosome Y. In someinstances, the pregnant subject is as few as 5 weeks pregnant. In someinstances, the pregnant subject is euploid. In some instances, thebiological sample contains about 10⁴ to about 10⁹ cell-free fetalnucleic acids. In some instances, the biological sample contains about10⁴ to about 10⁸ cell-free fetal nucleic acids. Methods may comprisesequencing at least 2000 cell-free fetal nucleic acids. Methods maycomprise measuring at least 1000 of the sequencing reads correspondingto the at least chromosomal region. In some instances, representation ofthe at least one chromosomal region is relative to controlrepresentation in at least one control pregnant subject carrying acontrol fetus. In some instances, the at least one control pregnantsubject and control fetus does not have an aneuploidy. In someinstances, the at least one control pregnant subject and control fetusdoes not have a genetic abnormality. In some instances, the at least onecontrol pregnant subject and control fetus has an aneuploidycorresponding to the chromosomal region. In some instances, the at leastone control pregnant subject and control fetus has a genetic abnormalitycorresponding to the target chromosomal region. In some instances, thecell-free nucleic acids comprise nucleic acids from a tumor in a tissue.Methods may comprise comparing the number of sequencing readscorresponding to the at least one chromosomal region to a referencenumber of sequencing reads corresponding to the at least one chromosomalregion. In some instances, the reference number is based on at least onesample from a subject without the tumor in the tissue. In someinstances, the reference number is based on at least one sample from asubject with the tumor in the tissue. In some instances, the cell-freenucleic acids comprise nucleic acids from an organ or a tissue that hasbeen transplanted into the subject. In some instances, the cell-freenucleic acids are specific to the organ or the tissue. In someinstances, sequencing comprises whole genome sequencing. In someinstances, sequencing comprises random massively parallel sequencing. Insome instances, sequencing comprises targeted sequencing. In someinstances, sequencing comprises nanopore sequencing.

Further disclosed herein are methods that comprise obtaining abiological sample from a subject, wherein the biological sample containsup to about 10¹⁰ cell-free nucleic acid molecules; analyzing epigeneticmodifications on at least one chromosomal region of at least a portionof the cell-free nucleic acid molecules; and detecting a normalrepresentation, an overrepresentation or an underrepresentation of theat least one chromosomal region. In some instances, the biologicalsample contains up to about 10⁹ cell-free nucleic acid molecules. Alsodisclosed herein are methods that comprise obtaining capillary bloodfrom a subject; analyzing epigenetic modifications on at least onechromosomal region of at least a portion of the cell-free nucleic acidmolecules; and detecting a normal representation, an overrepresentationor an underrepresentation of the at least one chromosomal region.Methods may comprise obtaining not more than 200 μl of capillary blood.Methods may comprise obtaining not more than 100 μl of capillary blood.

Disclosed herein are systems that comprise a sample collector configuredto collect a fluid sample of a subject; a sample processor that isconfigured to isolate a sample component from the fluid sample; anucleic acid detector that is configured to detect nucleic acids in thefluid sample or the sample component; and a nucleic acid informationoutput. Systems disclosed herein may also be presented as kits. In someinstances, the sample collector comprises a transdermal puncture device.In some instances, the transdermal puncture device comprises at leastone of a needle, a lancet, a microneedle, a vacuum, and a microneedlearray. In some instances, the sample component is selected from a cell,a carbohydrate, a phospholipid, a protein, a nucleic acid, and amicrovesicle. In some instances, the sample component is a blood cell.In some instances, the sample component does not comprise a cell-freenucleic acid. In some instances, the sample component comprises acell-free nucleic acid. In some instances, the sample component isplasma or serum. The sample purifier may be configured to isolate plasmafrom less than 1 milliliter of blood. The sample purifier may beconfigured to isolate plasma from less than 250 μl of blood. The samplepurifier may be configured to isolate plasma from less than 150 μl ofblood. The sample purifier may be configured to isolate plasma from lessthan 100 μl of blood. The nucleic acid detector may comprise a nucleicacid sequencer. Systems may be configured to label nucleic acids ofinterest in the fluid sample, and the nucleic acid detector comprises acounting system that counts the labels to detect a representation of thenucleic acids of interest in the sample. Systems may comprise labels,wherein the labels comprise an oligonucleotide that hybridizes to thenucleic acids of interest. The oligonucleotide may be specific to achromosomal region of interest. The chromosomal region of interest maybe located on a chromosome selected from chromosome 13, chromosome 16,chromosome 18, chromosome 21, chromosome 22, chromosome X, andchromosome Y. The chromosomal region of interest may comprise, or may becapable of comprising, a sequence that is indicative of a disease orcondition. The chromosomal region of interest may comprise, or may becapable of comprising, at least one epigenetic modification that isindicative of a disease or condition. The condition may be a geneticabnormality. The condition may be a cancer. The condition may be atransplanted tissue or organ. Systems may comprise at least one nucleicacid amplification reagent selected from a primer, a polymerase, and acombination thereof. The at least one nucleic acid amplification reagentmay comprise at least one isothermal amplification reagent. The at leastone isothermal amplification reagent may comprise a recombinasepolymerase, a single-strand DNA-binding protein, a strand-displacingpolymerase, or a combination thereof. Systems may comprise at least onenucleic acid amplification reagent and at least one crowding agent.Systems may comprise at least a first label for producing a library ofcell-free nucleic acids from the fluid sample, and at least oneamplification reagent. Systems may be configured to amplify thecell-free nucleic acids with the at least one amplification reagent toproduce at least one amplicon and contacting the at least one ampliconwith at least the first label to produce the library. Systems may beconfigured to contact the at least one amplicon with a second label,wherein the second label is detectable. Systems may be configured toproduce the library and amplify at least one member of the library withthe at least one amplification reagent. The nucleic acid sequence outputmay be selected from a wireless communication device, a wiredcommunication device, a cable port, and an electronic display. In someinstances, all components of the system are present in a singlelocation. In some instances, all components of the system are housed ina single device. In some instances, the sample collector is located at afirst location and at least one of the sample purifier and nucleic aciddetector are second location. In some instances, the sample collectorand at least one of the sample purifier and nucleic acid detector are atthe same location. In some instances, the sample purifier comprises afilter. In some instances, the sample purifier comprises a wickingmaterial or capillary device for pushing or pulling the biological fluidthrough the filter. In some instances, the filter has a pore size ofabout 0.05 microns to about 2 microns. In some instances, the samplepurifier comprises a binding moiety that binds a nucleic acid, protein,cell surface marker, or microvesicle surface marker in the biologicalfluid sample. In some instances, the binding moiety comprises anantibody, antigen binding antibody fragment, a ligand, a receptor, apeptide, a small molecule, or a combination thereof. In some instances,the binding moiety is capable of binding an extracellular vesicle,wherein the extracellular vesicle is released from a fetal cell or aplacental cell of the female subject. In some instances, the bindingmoiety is attached to a solid support, wherein the solid support can beseparated from the rest of the biological sample or the biologicalsample can be separated from the solid support, after the binding moietyhas made contact with the biological sample. Systems may comprise atransport or storage compartment for transporting or storing at least aportion of the fluid sample. In some instances, the transport or storagecompartment comprises an absorption pad, a fluid container, a samplepreservative, or a combination thereof In some instances, the transportor storage compartment contains a reagent or material that stabilizes acell of the fluid sample for transport or storage. Systems may compriseat least one of a container, pouch, wire and cable, for heating orcooling the device of a component thereof. Systems may comprise at leastone buffer for at least one of repairing, purifying, amplifying, andsequencing cell-free nucleic acids.

Disclosed herein are devices that comprise a sample collector configuredto collect a fluid sample of a subject; a sample processor that isconfigured to isolate a sample component from the fluid sample; anucleic acid detector that is configured to detect nucleic acids in thefluid sample or the sample component; and a nucleic acid informationoutput. In some instances, the sample collector comprises a transdermalpuncture device. In some instances, the transdermal puncture devicecomprises at least one of a needle, a lancet, a microneedle, a vacuum,and a microneedle array. In some instances, the sample component isselected from a cell, a carbohydrate, a phospholipid, a protein, anucleic acid, and a microvesicle. In some instances, the samplecomponent is a blood cell. In some instances, the sample component doesnot comprise a cell-free nucleic acid. In some instances, the samplecomponent comprises a cell-free nucleic acid. In some instances, thesample component is plasma or serum. The sample purifier may beconfigured to isolate plasma from less than 1 milliliter of blood. Thesample purifier may be configured to isolate plasma from less than 250μl of blood. The sample purifier may be configured to isolate plasmafrom less than 150 μl of blood. The sample purifier may be configured toisolate plasma from less than 100 μl of blood. The nucleic acid detectormay comprise a nucleic acid sequencer. Devices may be configured tolabel nucleic acids of interest in the fluid sample, and the nucleicacid detector comprises a counting system that counts the labels todetect a representation of the nucleic acids of interest in the sample.Devices may comprise labels, wherein the labels comprise anoligonucleotide that hybridizes to the nucleic acids of interest. Theoligonucleotide may be specific to a chromosomal region of interest. Thechromosomal region of interest may be located on a chromosome selectedfrom chromosome 13, chromosome 16, chromosome 18, chromosome 21,chromosome 22, chromosome X, and chromosome Y. The chromosomal region ofinterest may comprise, or may be capable of comprising, a sequence thatis indicative of a disease or condition. The chromosomal region ofinterest may comprise, or may be capable of comprising, at least oneepigenetic modification that is indicative of a disease or condition.The condition may be a genetic abnormality. The condition may be acancer. The condition may be a transplanted tissue or organ. Devices maycomprise at least one nucleic acid amplification reagent selected from aprimer, a polymerase, and a combination thereof. The at least onenucleic acid amplification reagent may comprise at least one isothermalamplification reagent. The at least one isothermal amplification reagentmay comprise a recombinase polymerase, a single-strand DNA-bindingprotein, a strand-displacing polymerase, or a combination thereof.Devices may comprise at least one nucleic acid amplification reagent andat least one crowding agent. Devices may comprise at least a first labelfor producing a library of cell-free nucleic acids from the fluidsample, and at least one amplification reagent. Devices may beconfigured to amplify the cell-free nucleic acids with the at least oneamplification reagent to produce at least one amplicon and contactingthe at least one amplicon with at least the first label to produce thelibrary. Devices may be configured to contact the at least one ampliconwith a second label, wherein the second label is detectable. Devices maybe configured to produce the library and amplify at least one member ofthe library with the at least one amplification reagent. The nucleicacid sequence output may be selected from a wireless communicationdevice, a wired communication device, a cable port, and an electronicdisplay. In some instances, all components of the device are present ina single location. In some instances, all components of the device arehoused in a single device. In some instances, the sample collector islocated at a first location and at least one of the sample purifier andnucleic acid detector are second location. In some instances, the samplecollector and at least one of the sample purifier and nucleic aciddetector are at the same location. In some instances, the samplepurifier comprises a filter. In some instances, the sample purifiercomprises a wicking material or capillary device for pushing or pullingthe biological fluid through the filter. In some instances, the filterhas a pore size of about 0.05 microns to about 2 microns. In someinstances, the sample purifier comprises a binding moiety that binds anucleic acid, protein, cell surface marker, or microvesicle surfacemarker in the biological fluid sample. In some instances, the bindingmoiety comprises an antibody, antigen binding antibody fragment, aligand, a receptor, a peptide, a small molecule, or a combinationthereof. In some instances, the binding moiety is capable of binding anextracellular vesicle, wherein the extracellular vesicle is releasedfrom a fetal cell or a placental cell of the female subject. In someinstances, the binding moiety is attached to a solid support, whereinthe solid support can be separated from the rest of the biologicalsample or the biological sample can be separated from the solid support,after the binding moiety has made contact with the biological sample.Devices may comprise a transport or storage compartment for transportingor storing at least a portion of the fluid sample. In some instances,the transport or storage compartment comprises an absorption pad, afluid container, a sample preservative, or a combination thereof. Insome instances, the transport or storage compartment contains a reagentor material that stabilizes a cell of the fluid sample for transport orstorage. Devices may comprise at least one of a container, pouch, wireand cable, for heating or cooling the device of a component thereof.Devices may comprise at least one buffer for at least one of repairing,purifying, amplifying, and sequencing cell-free nucleic acids.

Further disclosed herein is the use of a system for detecting thepresence of a tumor in the subject. Disclosed herein is the use of asystem for detecting an aneuploidy of a fetus in the subject. Furtherdisclosed herein is the use of a system for detecting the status of atransplanted organ in the subject. Disclosed herein is the use of adevice for detecting the presence of a tumor in the subject. Furtherdisclosed herein is the use of a device for detecting an aneuploidy of afetus in the subject. Disclosed herein is the use of a device fordetecting the status of a transplanted organ in the subject.

In some aspects, disclosed herein are methods comprising: obtaining abiological sample from a pregnant subject, wherein the biological samplecontains up to about 10⁹ cell-free fetal nucleic acid molecules;sequencing at least a portion of the cell-free fetal nucleic acidmolecules to produce sequencing reads; measuring at least a portion ofsequencing reads corresponding to at least one chromosomal region; anddetecting a normal representation, an overrepresentation or anunderrepresentation of the at least one chromosomal region. In someinstances, the biological sample has a volume of less than about 500 Insome instances, the biological sample has a volume of about 1 μl toabout 100 μl. In some instances, the biological sample has a volume ofabout 5 μl to about 80 μl. In some instances, the biological sample hasa volume of about 5 μl to about 60 In some instances, methods compriseamplifying the cell-free fetal nucleic acid molecules before sequencing.In some instances, methods comprise tagging the cell-free fetal nucleicacid molecules before sequencing and after amplifying. In someinstances, methods comprise tagging the cell-free fetal nucleic acidmolecules before sequencing. In some instances, methods compriseamplifying the cell-free fetal nucleic acid molecules after tagging thecell-free fetal nucleic acid molecules. In some instances, methodscomprise detecting an overrepresentation of sequencing readscorresponding to at least one target chromosome. In some instances,methods comprise detecting an underrepresentation of sequencing readscorresponding to at least one target chromosome. In some instances,methods comprise comparing the number of sequencing reads correspondingto the at least one target chromosome to a reference number ofsequencing reads corresponding to the at least one target chromosome. Insome instances, the reference number is based on at least one samplefrom at least one euploid pregnant subject with a euploid fetus. In someinstances, the reference number is based on at least one sample from atleast one euploid pregnant subject with an aneuploid fetus. In someinstances, the at least one sample is the same sample type and samesample volume as the biological sample. In some instances, methodscomprise measuring at least 1000 sequencing reads corresponding to theat least one chromosomal region. In some instances, methods comprisemeasuring at least 1000 sequencing reads corresponding to at least onenon-target chromosomal region. In some instances, methods comprisedetecting that there is a fetal aneuploidy of the at least one targetchromosomal region when a ratio of sequencing reads corresponding to theat least one target chromosome to sequencing reads corresponding to theat least one non-target chromosome is different from a respective ratioin a control biological sample from a control pregnant euploid subjectwith a euploid fetus. In some instances, methods comprise detecting,that there is not a fetal aneuploidy of the at least one targetchromosome when a ratio of sequencing reads corresponding to the atleast one target chromosome to sequencing reads corresponding to the atleast one non-target chromosome is the same as a respective ratio in acontrol biological sample from a control pregnant euploid subject with aeuploid fetus. In some instances, the biological sample is biologicalfluid. In some instances, the biological sample comprises blood, plasma,serum, urine, interstitial fluid, vaginal cells, vaginal fluid, buccalcells, or saliva. In some instances, the biological sample is serum orplasma. In some instances, methods comprise separating the plasma orserum from a blood sample. In some instances, separating comprisesfiltering the blood sample to remove cells, cell fragments,microvesicles, or a combination thereof, from the blood sample toproduce the plasma sample. In some instances, methods comprise obtaininga blood sample from the pregnant subject, the blood sample having avolume of about 5 μl to about 1 ml. In some instances, methods compriseobtaining a blood sample from the pregnant subject, the blood samplehaving a volume of about 5 μl to about 150 μl. In some instances,obtaining the blood sample comprises contacting the subject with atransdermal puncture device. In some instances, obtaining the bloodsample comprises a pricking a finger. In some instances, methodscomprise milking blood from the pricked finger. In some instances,obtaining the blood sample does not comprise a phlebotomy. In someinstances, the biological sample contains about 10⁴ to about 10⁹cell-free fetal nucleic acid molecules. In some instances, thebiological sample contains about 10⁴ to about 10⁸ cell-free fetalnucleic acid molecules. In some instances, the biological samplecontains about 10⁴ to about 10⁷ cell-free fetal nucleic acid molecules.In some instances, the biological sample comprises about 10⁶ to about10¹² total cell-free nucleic acid molecules, wherein the total cell-freenucleic acid molecules consist essentially of the cell-free fetalnucleic acid molecules and maternal cell-free nucleic acid molecules. Insome instances, the biological sample contains less than 3 ng of totalcell-free nucleic acid molecules. In some instances, the biologicalsample contains less than 300 pg of cell-free fetal nucleic acidmolecules. In some instances, the pregnant subject is as few as 5 weekspregnant. In some instances, amplifying comprises contacting thecell-free fetal nucleic acid molecules with random oligonucleotideprimers. In some instances, amplifying comprises isothermalamplification. In some instances, amplifying occurs at room temperature.In some instances, the status is detected with greater than 98%accuracy. In some instances, the status is detected with greater than99% accuracy. In some instances, the at least one chromosome region islocated on at least one of chromosome 13, chromosome 16, chromosome 18,chromosome 21, chromosome 22, chromosome X, or chromosome Y. In someinstances, the at least one non-target chromosomal region is at leastone of a chromosome other than chromosome 13, chromosome 16, chromosome18, chromosome 21, chromosome 22, chromosome X, or chromosome Y. In someinstances, the pregnant subject is euploid. In some instances,sequencing comprises whole genome sequencing. In some instances,sequencing comprises random massively parallel sequencing. In someinstances, sequencing comprises targeted sequencing. In some instances,the biological sample contains about 10⁴ to about 10⁹ cell-free fetalnucleic acids. In some instances, the biological sample contains about10⁴ to about 10⁸ cell-free fetal nucleic acids. In some instances,methods comprise sequencing at least 2000 of the cell-free fetal nucleicacids. In some instances, methods comprise measuring at least 1000 ofthe sequencing reads corresponding to at least one target chromosome. Insome instances, representation of the chromosomal region is relative tocontrol representation in at least one control pregnant subject carryinga control fetus. In some instances, at least one of the control pregnantsubject and control fetus does not have an aneuploidy. In someinstances, at least one of the control pregnant subject and controlfetus does not have a genetic abnormality. In some instances, at leastone of the control pregnant subject and control fetus has an aneuploidycorresponding to the chromosomal region. In some instances, at least oneof the control pregnant subject and control fetus has a geneticabnormality corresponding to the target chromosomal region.

In some aspects, disclosed herein are methods comprising obtaining abiological sample from a pregnant subject, wherein the biological samplecontains up to about 10⁹ cell-free fetal nucleic acid molecules; taggingat least a portion of the cell-free fetal nucleic acid molecules toproduce tagged cell-free fetal nucleic acid molecules; measuring thenumber of tagged cell-free fetal nucleic acid molecules; and detecting anormal representation, an overrepresentation or an underrepresentationof the at least one chromosomal region. In some instances, tagging atleast a portion of the cell-free fetal nucleic acid molecules comprisestagging cell-free fetal nucleic acid molecules from a target chromosomalregion. In some instances, the method does not comprise sequencing. Insome instances, methods comprise obtaining a plurality of biologicalsample from at least one pregnant subject, wherein the biologicalsamples each contain up to about 10⁹ cell-free fetal nucleic acidmolecules; and indexing the cell-free fetal nucleic acid molecules fromeach biological sample with a different index, thereby providing asample identifier to the cell-free fetal nucleic acid molecules. In someinstances, methods comprise tagging the cell-free fetal nucleic acidmolecules from a target chromosomal region.

In some aspects, disclosed herein are systems that comprise a samplecollector for collection of a fluid sample of a pregnant subject; asample purifier that captures or removes a sample component from thefluid sample; a nucleic acid detector; and a nucleic acid informationoutput. In some instances, the sample collector comprises a transdermalpuncture device. In some instances, the transdermal puncture device isselected from a needle, a lancet, a microneedle, and a microneedlearray. In some instances, the sample component is selected from a cell,a protein, a nucleic acid, and a microvesicle. In some instances, thenucleic acid detector comprises a nucleic acid sequencer. In someinstances, the nucleic acid detector comprises a counting system thatlabels nucleic acids of interest in the fluid sample and counts thelabels to detect a representation of the nucleic acids of interest inthe sample. In some instances, the counting system comprises labels,wherein the labels comprise an oligonucleotide that hybridizes to thenucleic acids of interest. In some instances, the nucleic acid sequenceoutput is selected from a wireless communication device, a wiredcommunication device, a cable port, and an electronic display. In someinstances, all components of the system are present in a singlelocation. In some instances, all components of the system are housed ina single device. In some instances, the sample collector is located at afirst location and at least one of the sample purifier and nucleic aciddetector are second location. In some instances, the sample purifiercomprises a filter. In some instances, the sample purifier comprises awicking material or capillary device for pushing the biological fluidthrough the filter. In some instances, the filter has a pore size ofabout 0.05 microns to about 2 microns. In some instances, the samplepurifier comprises a binding moiety that binds a nucleic acid, protein,cell surface marker, or microvesicle surface marker in the biologicalfluid sample. In some instances, the binding moiety comprises anantibody, antigen binding antibody fragment, a ligand, a receptor, apeptide, a small molecule, or a combination thereof. In some instances,the binding moiety is capable of binding an extracellular vesicle,wherein the extracellular vesicle is released from a fetal cell or aplacental cell of the female subject. In some instances, the bindingmoiety is attached to a solid support, wherein the solid support can beseparated from the rest of the biological sample or the biologicalsample can be separated from the solid support, after the binding moietyhas made contact with the biological sample. In some instances, thesystem comprises at least one nucleic acid amplification reagentselected from a primer, a polymerase, and a combination thereof. In someinstances, the at least one nucleic acid amplification reagent comprisesat least one isothermal amplification reagent. In some instances, the atleast one isothermal amplification reagent comprises a recombinasepolymerase, a single-strand DNA-binding protein, a strand-displacingpolymerase, or a combination thereof. In some instances, systemscomprise a transport or storage compartment for transporting at least aportion of the biological sample. In some instances, the transport orstorage compartment comprises an absorption pad, a fluid container, asample preservative, or a combination thereof. In some instances,systems comprise at least one of a container, pouch, wire and cable, forheating or cooling the device of a component thereof. In some instances,systems comprise at least one buffer for at least one of repairing,purifying, amplifying, and sequencing cell-free nucleic acids.

Other objects, features and advantages of the present disclosure willbecome apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detaileddescription. It is to be understood, however, that the detaileddescription and specific examples, while indicating some embodiments ofthe present disclosure are given by way of illustration and notlimitation. Many changes and modifications within the scope of thepresent disclosure may be made without departing from the spiritthereof, and the disclosure includes all such modifications. Moreoveraspects of one embodiment may be utilized in other, differentembodiments.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in thisspecification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent asif each individual publication, patent, or patent application wasspecifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features of the methods, devices, systems and kits disclosedherein are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A betterunderstanding of the features and advantages of the present devices,systems and kits disclosed herein will be obtained by reference to thefollowing detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments,in which the principles of the devices, systems and kits disclosedherein are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:

FIG. 1 shows optional workflows for methods disclosed herein.

FIG. 2 shows a diagram of how components of the methods and systemsdisclosed herein can be distributed amongst various locations (physicaland/or electronic), or focused primarily in one physical location.

FIG. 3 shows results of trisomy detection from ultra-low sample amountsgenerated by low coverage whole genome sequencing-by-synthesis. Depictedare the Z scores for the representation of chromosome 21 from referenceand test samples. The dotted line represents a Z score of 3. A testsample showing a Z score equal or higher than 3 means that the samplecontains a higher representation of chromosome 21 and is consideredtrisomic for chromosome 21. If the sample came from a pregnant women,the extra amount of chromosome 21 detected is contributed by the fetusand therefore it is concluded the fetus is trisomic for chromosome 21.

FIG. 4A shows a process overview for devices that are connected toremote systems and individuals. FIG. 4B shows an exemplary interface fordevices that are connected to remote systems and individuals.

FIG. 5 shows a mobile device and how a mobile application is configuredto connect with, communicate with, and receive genetic information andother information from the devices, systems and kits disclosed herein.FIG. 5A shows various functions that the mobile application provides.FIG. 5B shows a step-by-step walkthrough to guide a user through use ofthe devices, systems and kits disclosed herein. FIG. 5C shows interfaceelements allowing a user to start a test, view and share test results,and interact with others. FIG. 5D shows an interface for monitoring thestatus of a test. FIG. 5E shows how results can be shared.

FIG. 6 shows typical amounts of cfDNA fragments expected in differentprocess steps of low-coverage whole genome sequencing using 8-10 ml ofvenous blood as a starting amount.

FIG. 7 shows the importance of increasing sequencing library efficiencyto significantly improve sensitivity for applications using ultra-lowcfDNA input amounts.

FIG. 8A-C shows electropherograms of sequencing libraries generated fromdecreasing amounts of cell-free (cfDNA) input. The input amount ofcell-free DNA varied from 20 genome equivalents (20 GE) in FIG. 8A downto 1 genome equivalent (1 GE) in FIG. 8C. While the overall yield inlibrary decreases, the amount adaptor dimers do not increasesignificantly and there is still sufficient amount and quality oflibrary available for successful sequence analysis.

FIG. 9 shows detection of low fraction Y-chromosome (2.5% or greater)using low coverage Whole Genome Sequencing-by-Synthesis with ultra-lowamounts of cfDNA (10 genome equivalents) isolated from venous blood.

FIG. 10 shows detection of low fraction Y-chromosome (2.5% or greater)using low coverage Whole Genome Sequencing-by-Synthesis with ultra-lowinput amounts of cfDNA isolated from capillary blood/plasma mixtures offemale and male DNA.

FIG. 11 shows a cfDNA fragment size distribution comparison betweencfDNA from capillary blood and venous blood based on paired endsequencing data.

FIG. 12 shows the detection of fetal chromosomal aneuploidy using lowcoverage Whole Genome Sequencing-by-Synthesis with ultra-low inputamounts of cfDNA derived from blood/plasma of pregnant women. Ultra-lowinput amounts of cfDNA from non-trisomic reference samples were used todetermine the median and median absolute deviation of the chromosome 21representation. Test samples were ultra-low amounts of cfDNA (10 GE)from pregnant women carrying either a normal fetus (no trisomy) or afetus with a chromosome 21 trisomy.

FIG. 13 shows the detection of fetal chromosomal aneuploidy using lowcoverage Whole Genome Sequencing-by-Synthesis with ultra-low inputamounts of cfDNA derived from blood/plasma of pregnant women. Analysiswas performed without a reference sample set using an sample internalmethod of determining trisomy 21 status. Test samples were ultra-lowamounts of cfDNA (10 GE) from pregnant women carrying either a normalfetus (no trisomy) or a fetus with a chromosome 21 trisomy.

Certain Terminologies

The following descriptions are provided to aid the understanding of themethods, systems and kits disclosed herein. The following descriptionsof terms used herein are not intended to be limiting definitions ofthese terms. These terms are further described and exemplifiedthroughout the present application.

In general, the terms “cell-free polynucleotide,” “cell-free nucleicacid,” used interchangeably herein, refer to polynucleotides and nucleicacids that can be isolated from a sample without extracting thepolynucleotide or nucleic acid from a cell. A cell-free nucleic acid maycomprise DNA. A cell-free nucleic acid may comprise RNA. A cell-freenucleic acid is a nucleic acid that is not contained within a cellmembrane, i.e., it is not encapsulated in a cellular compartment. Insome embodiments, a cell-free nucleic acid is a nucleic acid that is notbounded by a cell membrane and is circulating or present in blood orother fluid. In some embodiments, the cell-free nucleic acid iscell-free before and/or upon collection of the biological samplecontaining it, and is not released from the cell as a result of samplemanipulation by man, intentional or otherwise, including manipulationupon or after collection of the sample. In some instances, cell-freenucleic acids are produced in a cell and released from the cell byphysiological means, including, e.g., apoptosis, and non-apoptotic celldeath, necrosis, autophagy, spontaneous release (e.g., of aDNA/RNA-lipoprotein complex), secretion, and/or mitotic catastrophe. Insome embodiments, a cell-free nucleic acid comprises a nucleic acid thatis released from a cell by a biological mechanism, (e.g., apoptosis,cell secretion, vesicular release). In further or additionalembodiments, a cell-free nucleic acid is not a nucleic acid that hasbeen extracted from a cell by human manipulation of the cell or sampleprocessing (e.g., cell membrane disruption, lysis, vortex, shearing,etc.).

In some instances, the cell-free nucleic acid is a cell-free fetalnucleic acid. In general, the term, “cell-free fetal nucleic acid,” asused herein, refers to a cell-free nucleic acid, as described herein,wherein the cell-free nucleic acid is from a cell that comprises fetalDNA. In pregnant women, the cell-free DNA originating from the placentacan contribute a noticeable portion of the total amount of cell-freeDNA. Placental DNA is often a good surrogate for the fetal DNA, becausein most cases it is highly similar to the DNA of the fetus. Applicationslike chorionic villus sampling have exploited this fact to establishdiagnostic application. Often, a large portion of cell-free fetalnucleic acids are found in maternal biological samples as a result ofplacental tissue being regularly shed during the pregnant subject'spregnancy. Often, many of the cells in the placental tissue shed arecells that contain fetal DNA. Cells shed from the placenta release fetalnucleic acids. Thus, in some instances, cell-free fetal nucleic acidsdisclosed herein are nucleic acids release from a placental cell.

As used herein, the term “cellular nucleic acid” refers to apolynucleotide that is contained in a cell or released from a cell dueto manipulation of the biological sample. Non-limiting examples ofmanipulation of the biological sample include centrifuging, vortexing,shearing, mixing, lysing, and adding a reagent (e.g., detergent, buffer,salt, enzyme) to the biological sample that is not present in thebiological sample when it is obtained. In some instances, the cellularnucleic acid is a nucleic acid that has been released from a cell due todisruption or lysis of the cell by a machine, human or robot. In someinstances, cellular nucleic acids (nucleic acids contained by cells) areintentionally or unintentionally released from cells by devices andmethods disclosed herein. However, these are not considered “cell-freenucleic acids,” as the term is used herein. In some instances, devices,systems, kits and methods disclosed herein provide for analyzingcell-free nucleic acids in biological samples, and in the processanalyze cellular nucleic acids as well.

As used herein, the term “biomarker” generally refers to any marker of asubject's biology or condition. A biomarker may be an indicator orresult of a disease or condition. A biomarker may be an indicator ofhealth. A biomarker may be an indicator of a genetic abnormality orinherited condition. A biomarker may be a circulating biomarker (e.g.,found in a biological fluid such as blood). A biomarker may be a tissuebiomarker (e.g., found in a solid organ such as liver or bone marrow).Non-limiting examples of biomarkers include nucleic acids, epigeneticmodifications, proteins, peptides, antibodies, antibody fragments,lipids, fatty acids, sterols, polysaccharides, carbohydrates, viralparticles, microbial particles. In some cases, biomarkers may eveninclude whole cells or cell fragments.

As used herein, the term, “tag” generally refers to a molecule that canbe used to identify, detect or isolate a nucleic acid of interest. Theterm, “tag,” may be used interchangeably with other terms, such as“label,” “adapter,” “oligo,” and “barcode,” unless specified otherwise.Note, however, that the term, “adapter,” can be used to ligate two endsof a nucleic acid or multiple nucleic acids without acting as a tag.

As used herein, the term “genetic information” generally refers to oneor more nucleic acid sequences. In some instances, genetic informationmay be a single nucleotide or amino acid. For example, geneticinformation could be the presence (or absence) of a single nucleotidepolymorphism. Unless specified otherwise, the term “genetic information”may also refer to epigenetic modification patterns, gene expressiondata, and protein expression data. In some instances, the presence,absence or quantity of a biomarker provides genetic information. Forinstance, cholesterol levels may be indicative of a genetic form ofhypercholesterolemia. Thus, genetic information should not be limited tonucleic acid sequences.

As used herein, the term, “genetic mutation,” generally refers to analteration of a nucleotide sequence of a genome. A genetic mutation isdifferent from natural variation or allelic differences. The geneticmutation may be found in less than 10% of the subject's species. Thegenetic mutation may be found in less than 5% of the subject's species.The genetic mutation may be found in less than 1% of the subject'sspecies. A genetic mutation in a subject may cause a disease or acondition in the subject. The genetic mutation may result in aframeshift of a protein-coding sequence. The genetic mutation may resultin a deletion of at least a portion of a protein-coding sequence. Thegenetic mutation may result in a loss of a stop codon in aprotein-coding sequence. The genetic mutation may result in a prematurestop codon in a protein-coding sequence. The genetic mutation may resultin a sequence that encodes a misfolded protein. The genetic mutation mayresult in a sequence that encodes a dysfunctional protein ornon-functional protein (e.g., loss of binding or enzymatic activity).The genetic mutation may result in a sequence that encodes an overactiveprotein (e.g., increased binding or enzymatic activity). The geneticmutation my affect a single nucleotide (e.g., a single nucleotidevariation or single nucleotide polymorphism). The genetic mutation myaffect multiple nucleotides (e.g., frameshift, translocation).

As used herein, the terms, “healthy individual” and “healthy subject”refer to a subject that does not have a condition or disease ofinterest. For example, if the method or device being described is beingused to detect a type of cancer, a healthy subject does not have thattype of cancer. The healthy subject may not have cancer at all. In someinstances, the healthy subject is not diagnosed with any disease orcondition. In some instances, the healthy subject does not have a knowngenetic mutation. In some instances, the healthy subject does not have agenetic mutation that results in a detectable phenotype that woulddistinguish the subject from a healthy subject that does not have aknown genetic mutation. In some instances, the healthy subject is notinfected by a pathogen. In some instances, the healthy subject isinfected by a pathogen, but has no known genetic mutation.

As used herein, the term “genomic equivalent” generally refers to theamount of DNA necessary to be present in a purified sample to guaranteethat all genes will be present.

As used herein, the term “tissue-specific,” or the phrase, “specific toa tissue,” generally refers to a polynucleotide that is predominantlyexpressed in a specific tissue. Often, methods, systems and kitsdisclosed herein utilize cell-free, tissue-specific polynucleotides.Cell-free, tissue-specific polynucleotides described herein arepolynucleotides expressed at levels that can be quantified in abiological fluid upon damage or disease of the tissue or organ in whichthey are expressed. In some cases, the presence of cell-freetissue-specific polynucleotides disclosed herein in a biological fluidis due to release of cell-free tissue-specific polynucleotides upondamage or disease of the tissue or organ, and not due to a change inexpression of the cell-free tissue-specific polynucleotides. Elevatedlevels of cell-free tissue-specific polynucleotides disclosed herein maybe indicative of damage to the corresponding tissue or organ. In someinstances, cell-free polynucleotides disclosed herein areexpressed/produced in several tissues, but at tissue-specific levels inat least one of those tissues. In these cases, the absolute or relativequantity of the cell-free tissue-specific polynucleotide is indicativeof damage to, or disease of, a specific tissue or organ, or collectionof tissues or organs. Alternatively or additionally, tissue-specificpolynucleotides are nucleic acids with tissue-specific modifications.Tissue-specific polynucleotides may comprise RNA. Tissue-specificpolynucleotides may comprise DNA. By way of non-limiting example,tissue-specific polynucleotides or markers disclosed herein include DNAmolecules (e.g., a portion of a gene or non-coding region) withtissue-specific methylation patterns. In other words, thepolynucleotides and markers may be expressed similarly in many tissues,or even ubiquitously throughout a subject, but the modifications aretissue-specific. Generally, tissue-specific polynucleotides or levelsthereof disclosed herein are not specific to a disease. Generally,tissue-specific polynucleotides disclosed herein do not encode a proteinimplicated in a disease mechanism.

In some instances, a tissue-specific polynucleotide is present in agreater amount in a tissue of interest than it is present in blood ofthe subject. In some instances, the RNA is present in a greater amountin a tissue of interest than it is present in a blood cell. In someinstances, the tissue-specific polynucleotide is not expressed by ablood cell. In some instances, the presence of the tissue-specificpolynucleotide is at least two fold greater in the tissue than in theblood. In some instances, the presence of the tissue-specificpolynucleotide is at least five fold greater in the tissue than in theblood. In some instances, the presence of the tissue-specificpolynucleotide is at least ten fold greater in the tissue than in theblood.

In some instances, the presence of the tissue-specific polynucleotide isat least three fold higher in the tissue than any other tissue of thesubject. In some instances, the presence of the tissue-specificpolynucleotide is at least five fold higher in the tissue than any othertissue. In some instances, the presence of the tissue-specificpolynucleotide is at least ten fold higher in the tissue than any othertissue. In some instances, the presence of the tissue-specificpolynucleotide is at least three fold higher in no more than two tissuesthan any other tissue. In some instances, the presence of thetissue-specific polynucleotide is at least five fold higher in no morethan two tissues than any other tissue. In some instances, the presenceof the tissue-specific polynucleotide is at least ten fold higher in nomore than two tissues than any other tissue. In some instances, thepresence of the tissue-specific polynucleotide is at least three foldhigher in no more than three tissues than any other tissue. In someinstances, the presence of the tissue-specific polynucleotide is atleast five fold higher in no more than three tissues than any othertissue. In some instances, the presence of the tissue-specificpolynucleotide is at least ten fold higher in no more than three tissuesthan any other tissue.

In some instances, the tissue-specific polynucleotide is specific to atarget cell type. In some instances, the presence of the tissue-specificpolynucleotide is at least three fold higher in the target cell typethan a non-target cell type. In some instances, the presence of thetissue-specific polynucleotide is at least five fold higher in thetarget cell type than the non-target other cell type. In some instances,the presence of the tissue-specific polynucleotide is at least ten foldhigher in the target cell type than the non-target cell type. In someinstances, the presence of the tissue-specific polynucleotide is atleast three fold higher in no more than two target cell types thannon-target cell types. In some instances, the presence of thetissue-specific polynucleotide is at least five fold higher in no morethan two target cell types than non-target cell types. In someinstances, the RNA is expressed at least ten fold higher in no more thantwo target cell types than non-target cell types. In some instances, thepresence of the tissue-specific polynucleotide is at least three foldhigher in no more than three target cell types than non-target celltypes. In some instances, the presence of the tissue-specificpolynucleotide is at least five fold higher in no more than three targetcell types than non-target cell types. In some instances, the presenceof the tissue-specific polynucleotide is at least ten fold higher in nomore than three target cell types than non-target cell types.

As used herein, the terms, “isolate,” “purify,” “remove,” “capture,” and“separate,” may all be used interchangeably unless specified otherwise.

As used herein, the terms, “clinic,” “clinical setting,” “laboratory” or“laboratory setting” refer to a hospital, a clinic, a pharmacy, aresearch institution, a pathology laboratory, a or other commercialbusiness setting where trained personnel are employed to process and/oranalyze biological and/or environmental samples. These terms arecontrasted with point of care, a remote location, a home, a school, andotherwise non-business, non-institutional setting.

As used herein, the term ‘about’ a number refers to that number plus orminus 10% of that number. The term ‘about’ when used in the context of arange refers to that range minus 10% of its lowest value and plus 10% ofits greatest value.

As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” include pluralreferences unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example,the term “a sample” includes a plurality of samples, including mixturesthereof.

The term, “accuracy,” should be given its broadest definition m light ofthe specification. However, the term “accuracy” may be used to refer toa statistical measure of how well a binary classification test correctlyidentifies or excludes a condition. As used herein, the term “accuracy”may also refer to the proportion of true results (both true positivesand true negatives) among all samples examined. As used herein, the term“accuracy” may encompass “Rand accuracy” or accuracy as determined bythe “Rand index.”

As used herein, the terms “homologous,” “homology,” or “percenthomology” describe sequence similarity of a first amino acid sequence ora nucleic acid sequence relative to a second amino acid sequence or anucleic acid sequence. In some instances, homology can be determinedusing the formula described by Karlin and Altschul (Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 87: 2264-2268, 1990, modified as in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA90:5873-5877, 1993). Such a formula is incorporated into the basic localalignment search tool (BLAST) programs of Altschul et al. (J. Mol. Biol.215: 403-410, 1990). Percent homology of sequences can be determinedusing the most recent version of BLAST, as of the filing date of thisapplication. In some cases, 2 or more sequences may be homologous ifthey share at least 20%, 25%, 30%. 35%, 40%, 45% 50%, 55%, 60% identity,65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%,99% or higher identity when compared and aligned for maximumcorrespondence over a comparison window, or designated region asmeasured using one of the following sequence comparison algorithms or bymanual alignment and visual inspection. In some cases, 2 or moresequences may be homologous if they share at most 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%,40%, 45% 50%, 55%, 60% identity, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%,93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or higher identity. Preferably, the %identity or homology exists over a region that is at least 16 aminoacids or nucleotides in length or in some cases over a region that isabout 50 to about 100 amino acids or nucleotides in length. In somecases, the % identity or homology exists over a region that is about 100to about 1000 amino acids or nucleotides in length. In some cases, 2 ormore sequences may be homologous and share at least 20% identity over atleast 100 amino acids in a sequence. For sequence comparison, generallyone sequence acts as a reference sequence, to which test sequences maybe compared. When using a sequence comparison algorithm, test andreference sequences may be entered into a computer, subsequentcoordinates may be designated, if necessary, and sequence algorithmprogram parameters may be designated. Any suitable algorithm may beused, including but not limited to Smith-Waterman alignment algorithm,Viterbi, Bayesians, Hidden Markov and the like. Default programparameters can be used, or alternative parameters can be designated. Thesequence comparison algorithm may then be used to calculate the percentsequence identities for the test sequences relative to the referencesequence, based on the program parameters. Any suitable algorithm may beused, whereby a percent identity is calculated. Some programs forexample, calculate percent identity as the number of aligned positionsthat identical residues, divided by the total number of alignedpositions. A “comparison window”, as used herein, includes reference toa segment of any one of the number of contiguous or non-contiguouspositions which may range from 10 to 600 positions. In some cases thecomparison window may comprise at least 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400,500, or 600 positions, in some cases the comparison window may compriseat most 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, or 600 positions. In somecases the comparison window may comprise at least 50 to 200 positions,or at least 100 to at least 150 positions in which a sequence may becompared to a reference sequence of the same number of contiguous ornon-contiguous positions after the two sequences are optimally aligned,Methods of alignment of sequences for comparison are well-known in theart. Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison can be conducted,e.g., by the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman, Adv. Appl.Math. 2:482 (1981), by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman andWunsch, J. Mol. Biol. 48:443 (1970), by the search for similarity methodof Pearson and Lipman, Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci, USA 85:2444 (1988), bycomputerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, PASTA,and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics ComputerGroup, 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis.), or by manual alignment andvisual inspection (see, e.g., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology(Ausubel et al, eds. 1995 supplement)). In some cases, a comparisonwindow may comprise any subset of the total alignment, either contiguouspositions in primary sequence, adjacent positions in tertiary space butdiscontinuous in the primary sequence, or any other subset of 1 up toall residues in the alignment.

As used herein, the terms overrepresentation and underrepresentationgenerally refer to the difference between a sample and a controlrepresentation of target nucleic acids. A representation may besignificantly less than a control representation and thereforeunderrepresented. A representation may be significantly more than acontrol representation and therefore underrepresented. The significancemay be statistical. Methods of determining statistical significance arewell known in the art. By way of non-limiting example, statisticalsignificance performed using standard two-tailed t-test (*: p<0.05;**p<0.01).

As used herein, the term “cloud” refers to shared or sharable storage ofelectronic data. The cloud may be used for archiving electronic data,sharing electronic data, and analyzing electronic data.

Throughout the application, there is recitation of the phrases “nucleicacid corresponding to a chromosome,” and “sequence corresponding to achromosome.” As used herein, these phrases are intended to convey thatthe “nucleic acid corresponding to the chromosome” is represented by anucleic acid sequence that is identical or homologous to a sequencefound in that chromosome. The term “homologous” is described in theforegoing description.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Genetic testing is traditionally performed in a laboratory or clinicalsetting. However, in many instances where genetic testing would beuseful, access to a laboratory or clinic is unavailable or impractical.High complexity testing such as analysis of circulating tumor DNA orfetal DNA testing is still rare because of limited access to such tests(e.g., requirement for a phlebotomy, timing, appointments required,distance to a clinic/laboratory) and cost of such tests (e.g., costs ofperforming a phlebotomy, processing milliliters of samples, sample tubesand reagents, shipping, particularly cold shipping). Thus, genetic teststhat are operable at a point of need (e.g., locations remote fromlaboratories and clinics) are desirable. Genetic tests for operation ata point of need (e.g., home, school, farm) are preferably cost effectiveand simple for an untrained individual to perform. Genetic tests atpoint of need preferably require only small amounts of a biologicalsample. Traditionally, genetic testing requires a venous blood draw(phlebotomy) to obtain milliliters of blood containing enough DNA to beanalyzed. However, a phlebotomy is not practical at a point of need.Ideally, a genetic test would only require amounts of blood achievedthrough the retrieval of capillary blood, e.g., via a transdermalpuncture device. This means point of need devices and methods forgenetic testing need to be designed to function with ultra-low inputs ofsample and a lower abundance of target molecules that are intended to bedetected.

In addition to accommodating ultra-low inputs of sample, it is desirableto have a genetic test that is capable of analyzing circulatingcell-free nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), e.g., circulating cell-free fetalDNA, circulating tumor DNA, circulating DNA from a transplanted donororgan, and circulating DNA released from a specific tissue as part of ahealth related issue, disease progression or treatment response.However, analysis of circulating cell-free nucleic acids is challengingdue to their short half-life and therefore low abundance. In addition,circulating cell-free nucleic acids in blood can be diluted by DNAreleased from white blood cells if care is not taken with the sample toavoid white blood cell lysis. White blood cell DNA creates backgroundnoise during detection of circulating cell-free nucleic acids,decreasing assay sensitivity and specificity.

Devices, systems, kits and methods disclosed herein overcome thesechallenges by combining gentle and efficient processing of small samplevolumes (e.g., less than 1 ml) with a unique target region selection andassay design that takes advantage of the highly fragmented nature ofcirculating cell-free DNA (cfDNA). For example, devices, systems, kitsand methods disclosed herein may provide reliable genetic informationfrom a single finger prick. Devices, systems, kits and methods disclosedherein provide for analysis of multiple target regions along a targetgene that are spaced far enough apart that the target regions are likelygoing to be physically separate when the target gene is fragmented incirculation. Thus, while the above described limits of statisticalsampling exist for individual long DNA fragments that are traditionallyanalyzed in genetic testing, the sampling statistics change favorablyfor cfDNA fragments. While there may be an aggregate of only 1 genomeequivalent present in a capillary blood sample, there are manyindividual cfDNA fragments. Consequently, sensitive amplification can beachieved from ultra-low input amounts.

As an example, if twenty target regions are present along a genomicregion and they are spaced far enough apart that they can beindependently analyzed and detected when the region is fragmented, theinput volume required to have at least 1 target region in 99% of allsamples changes from 140 μl to 25 μl, significantly increasingsensitivity. In some instances, the target regions contain identicalsequences or similar sequences. These target regions may be referred toas copies.

In other instances, target regions may not share similar sequences, butshare another characteristic such as a similar epigenetic status. Forexample, the target regions may have different sequences but they areall hyper-methylated. Regardless of the basis for the similarity betweenthe regions, they are spaced appropriately to leverage the fragmentationpattern of circulating cell-free DNA which produces many circulatingcfDNA fragments of which at least one can be detected in a small volume.By way of non-limiting example, selected target regions that are distantenough from each other to be on separate cfDNA fragments and are allhyper-methylated when a subject has cancer can be detected withbisulfite sequencing. In a small sample volume (e.g., a finger prick ofblood), the likelihood that all of these fragments are present (which isequivalent to non-fragmented DNA) is low, but the likelihood that atleast one fragment is present is high, and the cancer can be detected.

In yet other instances, the target regions may not contain similarsequences and may not contain similar epigenetic status. In this case,detection may require multiple primer sets or library preparationfollowed by amplification with universal primers to detect severaldistinct target regions. By way of non-limiting example, the detectionof a fetal RHD gene in an RHD negative pregnant mother could be achievedfrom a finger prick amount of blood by using multiple sets of primers todetect multiple different exons of the RHD gene in cell-free fetal DNAfragments. Sensitivity can be increased by choosing primers that amplifyregions that are physically distant in the RHD gene and therefore likelyto be present on different cell-free DNA fragments. Detecting a fetalRHD gene in an RHD negative pregnant mother is important to preventhemolytic disease of a newborn by the mother having antibodies againstthe child's blood. RHD testing is currently performed today from fullblood draws (eight milliliters of blood) to achieve the appropriatereliable results. This volume is believed to be necessary to achievereliable results because it is based on the likelihood that the entireRHD gene will be present in the sample. Based on this assumption, thelikelihood of getting the whole RHD gene in a finger prick amount ofblood is low and would easily lead to false negative results.

Regardless of how target regions are chosen, these regions are presentin the sample as individual biomarkers when amplification or detectionis performed on cell-free fragmented DNA. The concentration of thefragments containing the target region is greater than the correspondingnon-fragmented DNA or a fragment that cannot be assayed as a group.Thus, there will be more signal from the target region than one wouldget from non-fragmented DNA or from assaying for one copy of the targetregion. One will be much more likely to detect a target region presentin an ultra-low volume of sample than a non-target region that is notrepeated or does not share some commonality with another region. Byassaying multiple target regions in multiple DNA fragments, assaysensitivity is increased relative to traditional testing.

Blood is a reliable source of cell-free nucleic acids. The methodsdisclosed herein for analyzing cell-free nucleic acids from bloodinvolve isolating the plasma or serum fraction containing the cell-freenucleic acids. Devices, systems, kits and methods disclosed herein allowfor gentle processing of a blood sample at a point of need. This mayavoid, prevent or reduce white blood cell lysis. Devices, systems, kitsand methods disclosed herein allow for rapid processing of a bloodsample at a point of need. This avoids elongated storage and shipment ofsamples that can lead to blood cell lysis. In some instances, devicesdisclosed herein perform integrated separation, e.g. immediate isolationof plasma through filtration, to avoid, reduce or prevent cell lysis.Immediate separation of cells from cfDNA may be desirable when a reagent(e.g., probe, primer, antibody) or detection method does not providemuch specificity. In some instances, methods are performed with wholeblood in an effort to avoid any white blood cell lysis. When relativelyhigher specificity can be achieved, analysis from whole blood may bemore desirable.

In addition to requiring only small volumes of samples, devices,systems, kits and methods disclosed herein are highly desirable for atleast the following reasons. Devices, systems, kits and methodsdisclosed herein generally require little to no technical training.Thus, the costs of performing genetic testing is reduced relative to thecost of testing performed by trained personnel, and the test isavailable to subjects who do not have access to trained personnel.Furthermore, results may be obtained within minutes (e.g., less than anhour). This may be especially important when testing for an infection.An individual or animal testing positive for an infection may beisolated and treated quickly, preventing the spread of infection.Moreover, results may be obtained privately. In some cases, only thepatient that is being tested is privy to the genetic informationobtained. Devices, systems and kits disclosed herein are generallylightweight and handheld, making them suitable and accessible to remotelocations. Thus, they may be employed at home, in a school, in aworkplace, on a battlefield, on a farm, or any other site where it wouldbe impractical or inconvenient to visit a laboratory or clinicalsetting. Furthermore, since the sample may be analyzed at the point ofcare, the sample does not need to be stored or shipped, reducing therisk of sample degradation and misidentification (e.g., sampleswapping).

FIG. 1 shows a general flow chart with various routes that methods,devices and systems disclosed herein can follow. Initially a sample isobtained in step 110. A minimal amount of sample must be obtained inorder to gather useful information from the sample. The sample may be abiological sample disclosed herein. The sample may be a crude,unprocessed sample (e.g., whole blood). The sample may be a processedsample (e.g., plasma). The amount of sample is likely based on thesample type. Typically, the sample is processed or an analyte (e.g., anucleic acid or other biomarker) is purified from the sample in step 120to produce an analyte that can be amplified and/or detected. Processingmay comprise filtering a sample, binding a component of the sample thatcontains an analyte, binding the analyte, stabilizing the analyte,purifying the analyte, or a combination thereof. Non-limiting examplesof sample components are cells, viral particles, bacterial particles,exosome, and nucleosomes. In some instances, the analyte is a nucleicacid and it is amplified to produce an amplicon for analysis in step130. In other instances, the analyte may or may not be a nucleic acid,but regardless is not amplified. The analyte or amplicon is optionallymodified (140) before detection and analysis. In some instances,modification occurs during amplification (not shown). For example, theanalyte or amplicon may be tagged or labeled. Detection may involvesequencing, target-specific probes, isothermal amplification anddetection methods, quantitative PCR, or single molecule detection. FIG.1 is provided as a broad overview of devices and methods disclosedherein, but devices and methods disclosed herein are not limited byFIG. 1. Devices and methods may comprise additional components andsteps, respectively that are not shown in FIG. 1.

In some instances, devices, systems, kits and methods disclosed hereinare desirable because the genetic information can be kept private to theuser. In fact, even the use of the device can be kept private.Alternatively, devices, systems, kits and methods are configured toshare information with others or can be easily adapted by the user toshare information (e.g., turning on a Bluetooth signal). For example,information may be easily shared with a nurse or doctor. In someinstances, the device or system can send/share test results through asecure portal or application programming interface (API) to a medicalpractitioner or staff at an office or hospital. In some instances, theuser may choose to share information with the medical practitioner inperson after receiving the result. In some instances, the informationmay even be shared in real-time. This kind of communication would bedesirable for couples or families that are split up, for example, bymilitary commitments, employment obligations, migration policies, orhealth issues.

There are myriad applications for the devices, systems, kits, andmethods disclosed herein. Devices, systems, kits and methods disclosedherein allow for diagnosing and monitoring medical conditions.Non-limiting examples of medical conditions include autoimmuneconditions, metabolic conditions, cancer, and neurological conditions.Devices, systems, kits and methods disclosed herein allow forpersonalized medicine, including microbiome testing, determining anappropriate personal medical dosage and/or detecting a response to adrug or dose thereof. Devices, systems, kits and methods disclosedherein provide for detecting an infection by a pathogen and/or asubject's resistance to drugs that could be used to treat the infection.In almost all cases, there is little to no need for technical trainingor large, expensive laboratory equipment.

FIG. 1 shows that one using the devices, systems, kits or methodsdisclosed herein may start with a microvolume (e.g., less than amilliliter) of a biological sample from a subject. The biological samplegenerally contains less than 5000 genome equivalents of cell-free DNA.The sample may be processed by filtration, stabilization, purification,or a combination thereof, to allow for analysis. In some instances thesample does not require processing, such as filtration, stabilization orpurification. Several different analytes in the sample can beinformative, e.g., cell-free DNA, cell-free RNA, microvesicle-associatednucleic acids, and epigenetic markers on the cell-free DNA. One or moreof these analytes may be analyzed. In some instances, the analyte is notamplified. In some instances, the analyte is sequenced withoutamplification or modification of the analyte. In some instances, theanalyte is amplified (e.g., polymerase-mediated nucleic acidamplification) to generate amplicons of the analyte. In some instances,the amplicons are sequenced. In some instances, the amplicons aresequenced without further preparation or modification. In someinstances, a feature such as a polymorphism, mutation, epigenetic markor aberration within an amplicon or target region is used for furtheranalysis.

In some instances, the analyte, the amplicons, or a combination thereofare converted to a library by labeling the analyte with a label,bar-code or tag. The terms label, bar-code and tag are usedinterchangeably herein, unless otherwise specified. In some instances,library members are amplified to produce amplified library members. Insome instances, library members are subjected to whole genomeamplification. In some instances, library members are products of wholegenome amplification. In some instances, library members are notamplified to produce amplified library members. In some instances,library members are not subjected to whole genome amplification. In someinstances, library members are not the products of whole genomeamplification. In some instances, library members are captured toproduce captured library members. In some instances, library members arecaptured and amplified to produce captured, amplified library members.In some instances, library members are sequenced. In some instances,amplified library members are sequenced. In some instances, capturedlibrary members are sequenced. In some instances, captured, amplifiedlibrary members are sequenced. In some instances, library members arenot sequenced. For instance, library members may be detected orquantified by an array of probes or by single molecule counting. In someinstances, the amplified library members are detected or quantified byan array of probes or by single molecule counting. In some instances,the captured library members are detected or quantified by an array ofprobes or by single molecule counting. In some instances, the captured,amplified library members are detected or quantified by an array ofprobes or by single molecule counting.

FIG. 2 shows that methods, systems, devices and kits disclosed hereincan be distributed amongst several locations. For instances, methodsdisclosed herein may be fully performed in a home setting, or otherpoint of need. This is particularly important for subjects that do nothave access (e.g., physically, financially) to a laboratory, nucleicacid processing and analyzing equipment, or a technician or doctor. Insome instances, samples may be processed in a laboratory (e.g.,laboratory equipment required). However, methods, systems, devices andkits disclosed herein may still allow for sample collection andreporting in the home. By way of example, the sample may be collected athome, shipped to a laboratory where processing occurs, and the resultsare delivered to the subject in the home via electronic communication.Therefore, even when processing in a laboratory is required, methods,systems, devices and kits disclosed herein are still convenient to theuser, requiring only that they have a means to ship/transport theirsample. In some instances, it is convenient for data processing to occurin a cloud or on a server that can communicate test results to thesubject. In some instances, it is convenient for data processing tooccur in a laboratory and the results reported to the subject in theirhome without relying on a cloud or internet server.

Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing

One application for methods, devices and systems disclosed herein isnon-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT). The health of the fetus is one ofthe key concerns of expecting parents after the initial awareness andconfirmation of a pregnancy. In addition to other generalpregnancy-related health tests, assessment of the risk of fetalchromosomal or genetic aberrations has become a standard of care in themanagement of pregnancies in many countries. Currently, there areseveral ways to determine genetic information from the fetus. During thefirst trimester (week 1 through 12), an ultrasound test for nuchaltranslucency can reveal if there is a likelihood of a chromosomalabnormality, like trisomy 18 or trisomy 21. In addition, a maternalphlebotomy can be performed to test for levels of pregnancy-associatedplasma protein and human chorionic gonadotropin. Elevated levels ofthese proteins may be indicative of a chromosomal abnormality as well.However, these tests are not conclusive and generally requireadditional, more invasive testing (e.g., chorionic villus sampling(sampling of placental tissue), or amniocentesis (needle penetrates theamniotic sac)) to determine if there is indeed an abnormality.Additional tests can be performed during the second trimester, buttypically more testing, additional ultrasounds and an amniocentesis, arerequired for a more definitive determination.

The foregoing described screening requires medical providers withtechnical training in clinical settings. Many of these tests areinvasive (e.g., amniocentesis), thereby carrying a health risk to thefetus, as well as the mother. Typically, the foregoing describedscreening is necessary at both trimesters to detect a chromosomalabnormality. Thus, detection of a chromosomal abnormality typicallycannot be achieved until the fetus is halfway through gestation usingthe current methods in the field.

Since the discovery of the presence of circulating cell-free fetal DNAin the blood of pregnant women, prenatal care has seen significantimprovements. The presence of fetal DNA circulating in maternal bloodhas afforded a means to study the genetic make-up of the fetus andidentify potential health risks or pregnancy complications without therisk associated with procedures such as chorionic villus sampling andamniocentesis. A number of medically relevant tests that utilizecirculating cell-free fetal DNA have been developed, but the mostprominent ones are NIPT for fetal chromosomal abnormalities.

Existing NIPT can be categorized into two main categories. They areeither targeted assays that only amplify and analyze certain chromosomesor chromosomal regions or they are whole genome assays. Unfortunately,existing NIPT requires venipuncture (e.g., a phlebotomy) to obtainamounts of maternal blood/plasma sufficient to achieve appropriatescreening performance. For example, existing NIPT often requirecollection of as much as 16 ml of blood. Because of the large amounts ofblood required in existing NIPT, there are significant restrictions inconvenience and access to testing. In addition, sample-handlinglogistics, as well as testing costs and reagent costs are burdensome.

NIPT has previously been thought of as only being feasible with largeamounts of cfDNA copy numbers (genome equivalents) such as thoseobtained with a phlebotomy (e.g., milliliters of blood). Severalstatistical reasons (resolving very small differences require largesample numbers) as well as traditional reasons (limited markeravailability for FISH) have cemented this practice. The instantapplication shows how NIPT by cfDNA analysis is possible from ultra-lowinput amounts. See Examples 1-5. Methods, devices, systems and kitsdisclosed herein combine existing methods for high efficiency librarycreation, with low level DNA amplification (e.g., 8-10 cycles) in anovel way to enable NIPT from minimal sample volumes.

In contrast to existing NIPT, the methods, systems and devices disclosedherein minimize the amount of cell-free fetal DNA required for accuratescreening of fetal chromosomal aberrations, thereby avoiding the needfor large sample volumes. In the case when the sample is blood, asufficient amount of blood may be obtained with a finger prick. See,e.g., Example 3. Thus, methods and systems disclosed herein eliminatethe need for a venipuncture, thereby providing for NIPT at point of carewith a significant reduction in cost of testing. Since the fetalfraction in maternal blood can be low and maternal cell-free nucleicacids can vary, it was unexpected that the methods, systems and devicesdisclosed herein would successfully reveal reliable and useful geneticinformation about a fetus. Maternal biology is always changing and thereis a lot of variability in maternal cell-free nucleic acids of maternalsubjects. There are cell-free nucleic acids from various organs of themother (e.g., liver, skin) that contribute to circulating cell-freenucleic acids and the biology of those organs can change with age,disease, infection, and even time of day. It was unpredictable thatmaternal representation is reproducible enough to compare cell-freefetal nucleic acids from a test subject to cell-free fetal nucleic acidsfrom a reference/control subject. One has to experimentally prove thatthe host background DNA is actually giving a stable enough distributionso that a trisomy or other genomic variations can be accuratelydetected.

Disclosed herein are devices, systems, kits and methods for obtaininggenetic information of a fetus. Devices, systems, kits and methodsdisclosed herein may be advantageously capable of obtaining geneticinformation at very early stages of gestation. Devices, systems, kitsand methods disclosed herein may obtain genetic information of a fetusin the privacy of a home, without the need for laboratory equipment andwithout the risk of sample swapping. Genetic information can be detectedin minutes or seconds with devices, systems, kits and methods disclosedherein.

Disclosed herein are devices, systems, kits and methods for analyzingcell-free fetal nucleic acids from a biological fluid sample of apregnant subject. Analysis of cell-free circulating nucleic acids is metwith a number of technical challenges. For instance, amplification ofcirculating nucleic acids in blood may be inhibited by some of thecomponents in whole blood. Non-limiting examples of components in wholeblood are hemoglobin and associated iron. The devices, systems, kits andmethods disclosed herein aim to overcome many of these technicalchallenges. In addition, the devices, systems, kits and methods offerthe advantage of being (1) minimally invasive, (2) applicable in homewith little or no technical training; (3) informative at early stages ofa condition (e.g., pregnancy). Furthermore, devices, systems, kits andmethods generally do not require complex or expensive equipment.

In some aspects, the devices, systems, kits and methods disclosed hereinare useful for analyzing cell-free nucleic acids from a fetus, referredto herein as “cell-free fetal nucleic acids.” In some instances,cell-free fetal nucleic acids are from at least one cell of the fetus,at least one cell of the placenta, or a combination thereof. Prenatalapplications of cell-free fetal nucleic acids in maternal blood arepresented with the additional challenge of analyzing cell-free fetalnucleic acids in the presence of cell-free maternal nucleic acids, thelatter of which create a large background signal to the former. Forexample, a sample of maternal blood may contain about 500 to 2000 genomeequivalents of total cell-free DNA (maternal and fetal) per milliliterof whole blood. The fetal fraction in blood sampled from pregnant womenmay be around 10%, about 50 to 200 fetal genome equivalents per ml.Furthermore, the process of obtaining cell-free nucleic acids mayinvolve obtaining plasma or serum from the blood. If not performedcarefully, blood cells may be destroyed, releasing additional cellularnucleic acids into the sample, creating additional background signal tothe fetal cell-free nucleic acids. The typical white cell count isaround 4*10{circumflex over ( )}6 to 10*10{circumflex over ( )}6 cellsper ml of blood and therefore the available nuclear DNA is around 10,000times higher than the overall cell-free DNA (cfDNA). Consequently, evenif only a small fraction of maternal white blood cells is destroyed,releasing nuclear DNA into the plasma or serum, the fetal fraction isreduced dramatically. For example, a white cell degradation of 0.01% mayreduce the fetal fraction from 10% to about 5%. Devices, systems, kitsand methods disclosed herein aim to reduce these background signals.

I. Methods

In general, methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining a biologicalsample and detecting a component thereof. In some instances, methodsdisclosed herein are performed with a device, system or kit describedherein. Obtaining the biological sample may occur in a clinical orlaboratory setting, such as, by way of non-limiting example, a medicalclinic, a hospital, a scientific research laboratory, a pathologylaboratory, or a clinical test laboratory. Alternatively, obtaining mayoccur at a location remote from a clinical or laboratory setting, suchas, by way of non-limiting example, a home, a family planning center, aworkplace, a school, a farm, or a battlefield. In general, methodsdisclosed herein comprise collecting and analyzing a relatively smallvolume of a biological sample, regardless of whether collection occursin a clinical setting or a remote location. In some instances, detectingoccurs in a clinical or laboratory setting. In other instances,detecting occurs at a location remote from a clinical or laboratorysetting. Other steps of the methods disclosed herein, e.g., amplifying anucleic acid, may occur in the clinical/laboratory setting or at aremote location. In some instances, the methods may be performed by thesubject. In some instances, methods disclosed herein are performed by auser that has not received any technical training necessary to performthe method.

In some aspects, disclosed herein are methods comprising: obtaining abiological sample from a subject, wherein the biological sample containscell-free nucleic acid molecules; sequencing at least a portion of thecell-free nucleic acid molecules to produce sequencing reads; measuringat least a portion of sequencing reads corresponding to at least oneregion of interest; and detecting a normal representation, anoverrepresentation or an underrepresentation of the at least one regionof interest. The biological sample may comprise less than about 10¹⁰cell-free nucleic acids. The biological sample may comprise about 10⁵ toabout 10¹⁰ cell-free nucleic acids. The biological sample may compriseabout 10⁴ to about 10¹⁰ cell-free nucleic acids. The biological samplemay comprise about 10³ to about 10¹⁰ cell-free nucleic acids. Thebiological sample may comprise about 10² to about 10¹⁰ cell-free nucleicacids. The biological sample may comprise about 10⁵ to about 10⁹cell-free nucleic acids. The biological sample may comprise about 10⁵ toabout 10⁸ cell-free nucleic acids. The biological sample may compriseabout 10⁵ to about 10⁷ cell-free nucleic acids. The biological samplemay comprise about 10⁶ to about 10¹¹ cell-free nucleic acids. Thebiological sample may comprise about 10⁶ to about 10⁹ cell-free DNA. Thebiological sample may comprise about 10⁷ to about 10⁹ cell-free nucleicacids.

In some instances, overrepresentation or an underrepresentation is arepresentation of the region of interest in a test sample from a testsubject relative to representation of the region of interest in at leastone control subject. In some instances, the control subject is a healthysubject. In some instances, the control subject does not comprise amutation in the region of interest. In some instances, the controlsubject has a wildtype copy number of the region of interest. In someinstances, there is an overrepresentation or an underrepresentation ofan epigenetically modified version of the region of interest. In someinstances, overrepresentation or an underrepresentation is arepresentation of the region of interest in a test sample relative torepresentation of the region of interest in at least one referencesample. The reference sample may be analyzed at the same time as thetest sample. The reference sample may be analyzed prior to analyzing thetest sample. The at least one reference sample may comprise a pluralityof reference samples. In some instances, overrepresentation or anunderrepresentation is a representation of the region of interest in atest sample relative to a mean representation of the region of interestin a plurality of reference samples.

In some instances, methods comprise analyzing and detecting geneticinformation in a control sample. In some instances, methods compriseanalyzing and detecting genetic information in a control sample, andinstead use a predetermined control reference value obtained fromcontrol reference data. This would be particularly useful when thesubject performs analysis of his/her sample at home and does not haveaccess to a control sample. However, often, the subject could alsoeasily obtain a control sample (e.g., from a relative, spouse, friend).Furthermore, systems and methods, as described herein, provide foranalyzing multiple samples simultaneously by indexing each sample.

In some aspects, described herein are methods comprising: obtaining abiological sample from a subject; sequencing at least a portion of thecell-free nucleic acids to produce sequencing reads; measuringsequencing reads corresponding to a target sequence; measuringsequencing reads corresponding to at least one non-target sequence; anddetecting, with greater than 98% accuracy, that there is an abnormalityin the target sequence. The abnormality may be a feature orcharacteristic not present in a healthy subject. The abnormality may bea feature or characteristic not present in a wildtype subject. Theabnormality may be a feature or characteristic not present in a controlsubject. The abnormality may be a genetic mutation. The abnormality maybe a plurality of genetic mutations. Genetic mutations are describedherein and throughout. The abnormality may be an epigeneticmodification. The abnormality may be a plurality of epigeneticmodifications.

In some aspects, described herein are methods comprising: obtaining abiological sample from a subject; sequencing at least a portion of thecell-free nucleic acids to produce sequencing reads; measuringsequencing reads corresponding to at least one target sequence;measuring sequencing reads corresponding to at least one non-targetsequence; and measuring, with greater than 98% accuracy, that there isan abnormal number of copies of the target sequence relative to awildtype number of copies.

In some aspects, described herein are methods comprising: obtaining abiological sample from a subject, wherein the biological sample containscell-free nucleic acids; amplifying at least a portion of the cell-freenucleic acids to produce amplified nucleic acids; sequencing theamplified nucleic acids to produce sequencing reads; measuring a firstportion of the sequencing reads corresponding to at least one targetsequence; measuring a second portion of sequencing reads correspondingto at least one sequence of non-target sequence; and measuring, withgreater than 98% accuracy, that there is an abnormality in the targetsequence when a ratio of the first portion of sequencing reads to thesecond portion of sequencing reads is different from a respective ratioin a control biological sample from a control subject. In someinstances, the methods comprise barcoding or tagging the cell-freenucleic acids prior to, during or after amplification and beforesequencing.

In some aspects, described herein are methods comprising: obtaining abiological sample from a subject, wherein the biological sample containscell-free nucleic acid molecules; barcoding and/or tagging at least aportion of the cell-free nucleic acids present in the biological sampleto produce tagged nucleic acids; sequencing the tagged nucleic acids toproduce sequencing reads; measuring a first portion of the sequencingreads corresponding to a target sequence; measuring a second portion ofsequencing reads corresponding to a non-target sequence; and measuring,with greater than 98% accuracy, that there is an abnormality in thetarget sequence when a ratio of the first portion of sequencing reads tothe second portion of sequencing reads is different from a respectiveratio in a control biological sample from a control subject.

In some aspects, described herein are methods comprising: obtaining abiological sample from a subject, wherein the biological sample containscell-free nucleic acids; sequencing the cell-free nucleic acids toproduce sequencing reads; measuring a first portion of the sequencingreads corresponding to at least one target sequence; measuring a secondportion of sequencing reads corresponding to at least one non-targetsequence; and measuring, with greater than 98% accuracy, that there isan abnormality in the at least one target sequence when a ratio of thefirst portion of sequencing reads to the second portion of sequencingreads is different from a respective ratio in a control biologicalsample from a control subject.

In some aspects, described herein are methods comprising: obtainingcapillary blood from a subject, wherein the capillary blood comprisescell-free nucleic acids; sequencing at least a portion of the cell-freenucleic acids to produce sequencing reads; measuring at least a portionof sequencing reads corresponding to at least one target sequence ofinterest; and detecting a normal representation, an overrepresentationor an underrepresentation of the at least one target sequence.

In some aspects, described herein are methods that comprise obtaining abiological sample from a subject, wherein the biological samplecomprises target cell-free nucleic acids and non-target cell-freenucleic acids that together make up total cell-free nucleic acids, andwherein the target cell-free nucleic acids are less than 5% of the totalcell-free nucleic acids; sequencing at least a portion of the targetcell-free nucleic acids to produce sequencing reads; measuring at leasta portion of sequencing reads corresponding to at least one targetsequence of interest; and detecting a normal representation, anoverrepresentation or an underrepresentation of the at least one targetsequence. In general, obtaining does not comprise performing aphlebotomy or receiving a sample from a phlebotomy. In some instances,the biological sample does not comprise venous blood. The biologicalsample may comprise capillary blood. The biological sample may consistessentially of capillary blood.

In some aspects, described herein are methods that comprise obtaining abiological sample from a subject, wherein the biological sample containsup to about 10⁹ cell-free nucleic acid molecules; sequencing at least aportion of the cell-free nucleic acid molecules to produce sequencingreads; measuring at least a portion of sequencing reads corresponding toat least one chromosomal region; and detecting a normal representation,an overrepresentation or an underrepresentation of the at least onechromosomal region. The methods may comprise amplifying the cell-freenucleic acid molecules before sequencing. The methods may comprisetagging the cell-free nucleic acid molecules before sequencing and afteramplifying. The methods may comprise tagging the cell-free nucleic acidmolecules before sequencing. The methods may comprise amplifying thecell-free nucleic acid molecules after tagging the cell-free nucleicacid molecules. The methods may comprise amplifying the cell-freenucleic acid molecules before tagging the cell-free nucleic acidmolecules.

Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT)

In some aspects, disclosed herein are methods comprising: obtaining abiological sample from a pregnant subject, wherein the biological samplecontains up to about 10⁹ cell-free fetal nucleic acid molecules;sequencing at least a portion of the cell-free fetal nucleic acidmolecules to produce sequencing reads; measuring at least a portion ofsequencing reads corresponding to at least one chromosomal region; anddetecting a normal representation, an overrepresentation or anunderrepresentation of the at least one chromosomal region.

In some instances, overrepresentation or an underrepresentation isrelative to representation of a chromosome or chromosomal region in atleast one control pregnant subject. In some instances, the at least onecontrol pregnant subject is a pregnant euploid subject. In someinstances, the at least one control pregnant subject is a pregnantaneuploid subject. In some instances, the at least one control pregnantsubject is a pregnant subject with no chromosomal abnormalities. In someinstances, the at least one control pregnant subject is a pregnantsubject with at least one chromosomal abnormality. In some instances,the control pregnant subject has a euploid fetus. In some instances, thecontrol pregnant subject has an aneuploid fetus. In some instances, thecontrol pregnant subject has a fetus with no genetic abnormalities. Insome instances, the control pregnant subject has a fetus with at leastone genetic abnormality. In some instances, the at least one controlpregnant subject comprises a plurality of pregnant subjects having thesame presence or lack of chromosomal abnormalities.

In some instances, methods, devices, systems and kits disclosed hereinutilize additional controls. In some instances, the control is arepresentation of a chromosome that is expected if a fetus is euploid.In some instances, the control is a representation of a chromosome thatis expected if a fetus is aneuploid. In some instances, the control is aquantity of a chromosome that is expected if a fetus is euploid. In someinstances, the control is a quantity of a chromosome that is expected ifa fetus is aneuploid. In some instances, the control is a quantity ofsequencing reads corresponding to a chromosome that is expected if afetus is euploid. In some instances, the control is a quantity ofsequencing reads corresponding to a chromosome that is expected if afetus is aneuploid. In some instances, methods comprise analyzing anddetecting genetic information in a control sample. In some instances,methods comprise analyzing and detecting genetic information in acontrol sample, and instead use a predetermined control reference valueobtained from control reference data. This would be particularly usefulwhen the pregnant subject performs analysis of her sample at home anddoes not have access to a control sample. However, often, the pregnantsubject could also easily obtain a control sample (e.g., from arelative, spouse, friend). Furthermore, systems and methods, asdescribed herein, provide for analyzing multiple samples simultaneouslyby indexing each sample.

In some aspects, described herein are methods comprising: obtaining abiological sample from a pregnant subject, wherein the biological samplecontains up to about 10⁹ cell-free fetal nucleic acid molecules;sequencing at least a portion of the cell-free fetal nucleic acids toproduce sequencing reads; measuring sequencing reads corresponding to atleast one target chromosome; measuring at sequencing reads correspondingto at least one non-target chromosome; and measuring, with greater than98% accuracy, that there is a fetal aneuploidy of the at least onetarget chromosome.

In some aspects, described herein are methods comprising: obtaining abiological sample from a pregnant subject, wherein the biological samplecontains up to about 10⁹ cell-free fetal nucleic acid molecules;sequencing at least 2000 of the cell-free fetal nucleic acids to producesequencing reads; measuring at least 1000 sequencing reads correspondingto at least one target chromosome; measuring at least 1000 sequencingreads corresponding to at least one non-target chromosome; andmeasuring, with greater than 98% accuracy, that there is a fetalaneuploidy of the at least one target chromosome. These numbers ofsequencing reads are sufficient even when the fraction of cell-freefetal nucleic acid molecules in the total cell-free nucleic acidmolecules of the biological sample is low.

In some aspects, described herein are methods comprising: obtaining abiological sample from a pregnant subject, wherein the biological samplecontains up to about 10⁹ cell-free fetal nucleic acid molecules;amplifying at least a portion of the cell-free fetal nucleic acidmolecules to produce amplified nucleic acids; sequencing at least 2000amplified fetal nucleic acids to produce sequencing reads; measuring atleast 1000 sequencing reads corresponding to at least one targetchromosome; measuring at least 1000 sequencing reads corresponding to atleast one non-target chromosome; and measuring, with greater than 98%accuracy, that there is a fetal aneuploidy of the at least one targetchromosome when a ratio of sequencing reads corresponding to the atleast one target chromosome to sequencing reads corresponding to the atleast one non-target chromosome is different from a respective ratio ina control biological sample from a control pregnant euploid subject witha euploid fetus. In some instances, the methods comprise barcoding ortagging the nucleic acids prior to, during or after amplification andbefore sequencing the at least 2000 amplified fetal nucleic acids. Insome instances, the nucleic acids are cell-free nucleic acids.

In some aspects, described herein are methods comprising: obtaining abiological sample from a pregnant subject, wherein the biological samplecontains about up to about 10⁹ cell-free fetal nucleic acid molecules;barcoding and/or tagging at least a portion of the cell-free fetalnucleic acid molecules present in the biological sample to producetagged nucleic acids; sequencing at least 2000 tagged nucleic acids toproduce sequencing reads; measuring at least 1000 sequencing readscorresponding to at least one target chromosome; measuring at least 1000sequencing reads corresponding to at least one non-target chromosome;and measuring, with greater than 98% accuracy, there is a fetalaneuploidy of the at least one target chromosome when a ratio ofsequencing reads corresponding to the at least one target chromosome tosequencing reads corresponding to the at least one non-target chromosomeis different from a respective ratio in a control biological sample froma control pregnant euploid subject with a euploid fetus. In someinstances, the methods comprise amplifying the barcoded and/or taggednucleic acids before sequencing the at least 8000 tagged nucleic acids.

In some aspects, described herein are methods comprising: obtaining abiological sample from a pregnant subject, wherein the biological samplecontains up to about 10¹⁰ cell-free nucleic acid molecules; sequencingat least 8000 cell-free nucleic acid molecules to produce sequencingreads; measuring at least 4000 sequencing reads corresponding to atleast one target chromosome; measuring at least 4000 sequencing readscorresponding to at least one non-target chromosome; and measuring, withgreater than 98% accuracy, that there is a fetal aneuploidy of the atleast one target chromosome when a ratio of sequencing readscorresponding to the at least one target chromosome to sequencing readscorresponding to the at least one non-target chromosome is differentfrom a respective ratio in a control biological sample from a controlpregnant euploid subject with a euploid fetus. In some instances, thecell-free nucleic acids are not from a blood cell. In some instances,the cell-free nucleic acids do not comprise nucleic acids that are froma blood cell. In some instances, the cell-free nucleic acids comprisenucleic acids that are from a blood cell.

In some aspects, described herein are methods comprising: obtaining abiological sample from a pregnant subject, wherein the biological samplecontains up to about 10¹⁰ cell-free nucleic acid molecules; amplifyingthe cell-free nucleic acid molecules to produce amplified cell-freenucleic acid molecules; sequencing at least 8000 amplified cell-freenucleic acid molecules to produce sequencing reads; measuring at least4000 sequencing reads corresponding to at least one target chromosome;measuring at least 4000 sequencing reads corresponding to at least onenon-target chromosome; and measuring, with greater than 98% accuracy,that there is a fetal aneuploidy of the at least one target chromosomewhen a ratio of sequencing reads corresponding to the at least onetarget chromosome to sequencing reads corresponding to the at least onenon-target chromosome is different from a respective ratio in a controlbiological sample from a control pregnant euploid subject with a euploidfetus. In some instances, the methods comprise tagging the amplifiedcell-free nucleic acid molecules before sequencing the at least 8000amplified cell-free nucleic acid molecules.

In some aspects, described herein are methods comprising: obtaining abiological sample from a pregnant subject, wherein the biological samplecontains up to about 10¹⁰ cell-free nucleic acid molecules; tagging thecell-free nucleic acid molecules to produce tagged cell-free nucleicacid molecules; sequencing at least 8000 tagged cell-free nucleic acidmolecules present to produce sequencing reads; measuring at least 4000sequencing reads corresponding to at least one target chromosome;measuring at least 4000 of sequencing reads corresponding to at leastone non-target chromosome; and measuring, with greater than 98%accuracy, there is a fetal aneuploidy of the at least one targetchromosome when a ratio of sequencing reads corresponding to the atleast one target chromosome to sequencing reads corresponding to the atleast one non-target chromosome is different from a respective ratio ina control biological sample from a control pregnant euploid subject witha euploid fetus. In some instances, the methods comprise amplifying thetagged cell-free DNA fragments before sequencing the at least 8000tagged cell-free nucleic acid molecules.

Obtaining Samples

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining abiological sample described herein. A sample may be obtained directly(e.g., a doctor takes a blood sample from a subject). A sample may beobtained indirectly (e.g., through shipping, by a technician from adoctor or a subject). In some instances, the biological sample is abiological fluid. In some instances, the biological sample is a swabsample (e.g., buccal swab, vaginal swab). In some instances, methodsdisclosed herein comprise obtaining whole blood, plasma, serum, urine,saliva, interstitial fluid, or vaginal fluid. In some instances, methodsdisclosed herein comprise obtaining a blood sample via a finger prick.In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining a bloodsample via a single finger prick. In some instances, methods disclosedherein comprise obtaining a blood sample with not more than a singlefinger prick. In some instances, methods disclosed herein compriseobtaining capillary blood (e.g., blood obtained from a finger or a prickof the skin). In some instances, methods comprise squeezing or milkingblood from a prick to obtain a desired volume of blood. In otherinstances, methods do not comprise squeezing or milking blood from aprick to obtain a desired volume of blood. While a finger prick is acommon method for obtaining capillary blood, other locations on the bodywould also be suitable, e.g., toe, heel, arm, palm, shoulder, earlobe.In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining a bloodsample without a phlebotomy. In some instances, methods disclosed hereincomprise obtaining capillary blood. In some instances, methods disclosedherein comprise obtaining venous blood. In some instances, methodsdisclosed herein do not comprise obtaining venous blood (e.g., bloodobtained from a vein). In some instances, methods comprise obtaining abiological sample via a biopsy. In some instances, methods compriseobtaining a biological fluid via a liquid biopsy.

In some instances, methods comprise obtaining samples with fragmentednucleic acids. The sample may have been subjected to conditions that arenot conducive to preserving the integrity of nucleic acids. By way ofnon-limiting example, the sample may be a forensic sample. Forensicsamples are often contaminated, exposed to air, heat, light, etc. Thesample may have been frozen and thawed. The sample may have been exposedto chemicals or enzymes that degrade nucleic acids. In some instances,methods comprise obtaining a tissue sample wherein the tissue samplecomprises fragmented nucleic acids. In some instances, methods compriseobtaining a tissue sample wherein the tissue sample comprises nucleicacids and fragmenting the nucleic acids to produced fragmented nucleicacids. In some instances, the tissue sample is a frozen sample. In someinstances, the sample is a preserved sample. In some instances thetissue sample is a fixed sample (e.g. formaldehyde-fixed). Methods maycomprise isolating the (fragmented) nucleic acids from the sample.Methods may comprise providing the fragmented nucleic acids in asolution for genetic analysis.

In some instances, methods disclosed herein are performed with not morethan 50 μl of the biological fluid sample. In some instances, methodsdisclosed herein are performed with not more than 75 μl of thebiological fluid sample. In some instances, methods disclosed herein areperformed with not more than 100 μl of the biological fluid sample. Insome instances, methods disclosed herein are performed with not morethan 125 μl of the biological fluid sample. In some instances, methodsdisclosed herein are performed with not more than 150 μl of thebiological fluid sample. In some instances, methods disclosed herein areperformed with not more than 200 μl of the biological fluid sample. Insome instances, methods disclosed herein are performed with not morethan 300 μl of the biological fluid sample. In some instances, methodsdisclosed herein are performed with not more than 400 μl of thebiological fluid sample. In some instances, methods disclosed herein areperformed with not more than 500 μl of the biological fluid sample.

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining anultra-low volume of a biological fluid sample, wherein the ultra-lowvolume falls within a range of sample volumes. In some instances, therange of sample volumes is about 5 μl to about one milliliter. In someinstances, the range of sample volumes is about 5 μl to about 900 μl. Insome instances, the range of sample volumes is about 5 μl to about 800μl. In some instances, the range of sample volumes is about 5 μl toabout 700 μl. In some instances, the range of sample volumes is about 5μl to about 600 μl. In some instances, the range of sample volumes isabout 5 μl to about 500 μl. In some instances, the range of samplevolumes is about 5 μl to about 400 μl. In some instances, the range ofsample volumes is about 5 μl to about 300 μl. In some instances, therange of sample volumes is about 5 μl to about 200 μl. In someinstances, the range of sample volumes is about 5 μl to about 150 μl. Insome instances, the range of sample volumes is 5 μl to about 100 μl. Insome instances, the range of sample volumes is about 5 μl to about 90μl. In some instances, the range of sample volumes is about 5 μl toabout 85 μl. In some instances, the range of sample volumes is about 5μl to about 80 μl. In some instances, the range of sample volumes isabout 5 μl to about 75 μl. In some instances, the range of samplevolumes is about 5 μl to about 70 μl. In some instances, the range ofsample volumes is about 5 μl to about 65 μl. In some instances, therange of sample volumes is about 5 μl to about 60 μl. In some instances,the range of sample volumes is about 5 μl to about 55 μl. In someinstances, the range of sample volumes is about 5 μl to about 50 μl. Insome instances, the range of sample volumes is about 15 μl to about 150μl. In some instances, the range of sample volumes is about 15 μl toabout 120 μl. In some instances, the range of sample volumes is 15 μl toabout 100 In some instances, the range of sample volumes is about 15 μlto about 90 In some instances, the range of sample volumes is about 15μl to about 85 In some instances, the range of sample volumes is about15 μl to about 80 μl. In some instances, the range of sample volumes isabout 15 μl to about 75 μl. In some instances, the range of samplevolumes is about 15 μl to about 70 In some instances, the range ofsample volumes is about 15 μl to about 65 In some instances, the rangeof sample volumes is about 15 μl to about 60 μl. In some instances, therange of sample volumes is about 15 μl to about 55 In some instances,the range of sample volumes is about 15 μl to about 50 μl.

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining anultra-low volume of a biological fluid sample, wherein the ultra-lowvolume is about 100 μl to about 500 μl. In some instances, methodsdisclosed herein comprise obtaining an ultra-low volume of thebiological fluid sample, wherein the ultra-low volume about 100 μl toabout 1000 μl. In some instances, the ultra-low volume is about 500 μlto about 1 ml. In some instances, the ultra-low volume is about 500 μlto about 2 ml. In some instances, the ultra-low volume is about 500 μlto about 3 ml. In some instances, the ultra-low volume is about 500 μlto about 5 ml.

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining anultra-low volume of a biological sample, wherein the biological sampleis whole blood. The ultra-low volume may be about 1 μl to about 250 μl.The ultra-low volume may be about 5 μl to about 250 μl. The ultra-lowvolume may be about 10 μl to about 25 μl. The ultra-low volume may beabout 10 μl to about 35 μl. The ultra-low volume may be about 10 μl toabout 45 μl. The ultra-low volume may be about 10 μl to about 50 μl. Theultra-low volume may be about 10 μl to about 60 μl. The ultra-low volumemay be about 10 μl to about 80 μl. The ultra-low volume may be about 10μl to about 100 μl. The ultra-low volume may be about 10 μl to about 120μl. The ultra-low volume may be about 10 μl to about 140 μl. Theultra-low volume may be about 10 μl to about 150 μl. The ultra-lowvolume may be about 10 μl to about 160 μl. The ultra-low volume may beabout 10 μl to about 180 μl. The ultra-low volume may be about 10 μl toabout 200 μl.

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining aultra-low volume of a biological sample wherein the biological sample isplasma or serum. The ultra-low volume may be about 1 μl to about 200 μl.The ultra-low volume may be about 1 μl to about 190 μl. The ultra-lowvolume may be about 1 μl to about 180 μl. The ultra-low volume may beabout 1 μl to about 160 μl. The ultra-low volume may be about 1 μl toabout 150 μl. The ultra-low volume may be about 1 μl to about 140 μl.The ultra-low volume may be about 5 μl to about 15 μl. The ultra-lowvolume may be about 5 μl to about 25 μl. The ultra-low volume may beabout 5 μl to about 35 μl. The ultra-low volume may be about 5 μl toabout 45 μl. The ultra-low volume may be about 5 μl to about 50 μl. Theultra-low volume may be about 5 μl to about 60 μl. The ultra-low volumemay be about 5 μl to about 70 μl. The ultra-low volume may be about 5 μlto about 80 μl. The ultra-low volume may be about 5 μl to about 90 μl.The ultra-low volume may be about 5 μl to about 100 μl. The ultra-lowvolume may be about 5 μl to about 125 μl. The ultra-low volume may beabout 5 μl to about 150 μl. The ultra-low volume may be about 5 μl toabout 175 μl. The ultra-low volume may be about 5 μl to about 200 μl.

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining anultra-low volume of a biological sample, wherein the biological sampleis urine. Generally, the concentration of DNA in urine is about 40 ng/mlto about 200 ng/ml. In some instances, the ultra-low volume of urine isabout 0.25 μl to 1 milliliter. In some instances, the ultra-low volumeof urine is about 0.25 μl to about 1 milliliter. In some instances, theultra-low volume of urine is at least about 0.25 μl. In some instances,the ultra-low volume of urine is at most about 1 milliliter. In someinstances, the ultra-low volume of urine is about 0.25 μl to about 0.5μl, about 0.25 μl to about 0.75 μl, about 0.25 μl to about 1 μl, about0.25 μl to about 5 μl, about 0.25 μl to about 10 μl, about 0.25 μl toabout 50 μl, about 0.25 μl to about 100 μl, about 0.25 μl to about 150μl, about 0.25 μl to about 200 μl, about 0.25 μl to about 500 μl, about0.25 μl to about 1 milliliter, about 0.5 μl to about 0.75 μl, about 0.5μl to about 1 μl, about 0.5 μl to about 5 μl, about 0.5 μl to about 10μl, about 0.5 μl to about 50 μl, about 0.5 μl to about 100 μl, about 0.5μl to about 150 μl, about 0.5 μl to about 200 μl, about 0.5 μl to about500 μl, about 0.5 μl to about 1 milliliter, about 0.75 μl to about 1 μl,about 0.75 μl to about 5 μl, about 0.75 μl to about 10 μl, about 0.75 μlto about 50 μl, about 0.75 μl to about 100 μl, about 0.75 μl to about150 μl, about 0.75 μl to about 200 μl, about 0.75 μl to about 500 μl,about 0.75 μl to about 1 milliliter, about 1 μl to about 5 μl, about 1μl to about 10 μl, about 1 μl to about 50 μl, about 1 μl to about 100μl, about 1 μl to about 150 μl, about 1 μl to about 200 μl, about 1 μlto about 500 μl, about 1 μl to about 1 milliliter, about 5 μl to about10 μl, about 5 μl to about 50 μl, about 5 μl to about 100 μl, about 5 μlto about 150 μl, about 5 μl to about 200 μl, about 5 μl to about 500 μl,about 5 μl to about 1 milliliter, about 10 μl to about 50 μl, about 10μl to about 100 μl, about 10 μl to about 150 μl, about 10 μl to about200 μl, about 10 μl to about 500 μl, about 10 μl to about 1 milliliter,about 50 μl to about 100 μl, about 50 μl to about 150 μl, about 50 μl toabout 200 μl, about 50 μl to about 500 μl, about 50 μl to about 1milliliter, about 100 μl to about 150 μl, about 100 μl to about 200 μl,about 100 μl to about 500 μl, about 100 μl to about 1 milliliter, about150 μl to about 200 μl, about 150 μl to about 500 μl, about 150 μl toabout 1 milliliter, about 200 μl to about 500 μl, about 200 μl to about1 milliliter, or about 500 μl to about 1 milliliter. In some instances,the volume of urine used is about 0.25 μl, about 0.5 μl, about 0.75 μl,about 1 μl, about 5 μl, about 10 μl, about 50 μl, about 100 μl, about150 μl, about 200 μl, about 500 μl, or about 1 milliliter.

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining at leastabout 5 μL of blood to provide a test result with at least about 90%confidence or accuracy. In some instances, methods disclosed hereincomprise obtaining at least about 10 μL of blood to provide a testresult with at least about 90% confidence or accuracy. In someinstances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining at least about 15μL of blood to provide a test result with at least about 90% confidenceor accuracy. In some instances, methods disclosed herein compriseobtaining at least about 20 μL of blood to provide a test result with atleast about 90% confidence or accuracy. In some instances, methodsdisclosed herein comprise obtaining at least about 20 μL of blood toprovide a test result with at least about 90% confidence or accuracy. Insome instances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining at leastabout 20 μL of blood to provide a test result with at least about 95%confidence or accuracy. In some instances, methods disclosed hereincomprise obtaining at least about 20 μL of blood to provide a testresult with at least about 98% confidence or accuracy. In someinstances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining at least about 20μL of blood to provide a test result with at least about 99% confidenceor accuracy. In some instances, methods disclosed herein compriseobtaining only about 20 μL to about 120 μL of blood to provide a testresult with at least about 90% confidence or accuracy. In someinstances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining only about 20 μLto about 120 μL of blood to provide a test result with at least about95% confidence or accuracy. In some instances, the methods disclosedherein comprise obtaining only about 20 μL to about 120 μL of blood toprovide a test result with at least about 97% confidence or accuracy. Insome instances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining only about20 μL to about 120 μL of blood to provide a test result with at leastabout 98% confidence or accuracy. In some instances, the methodsdisclosed herein comprise obtaining only about 20 μL to about 120 μL ofblood to provide a test result with at least about 99% confidence oraccuracy. In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtainingonly about 20 μL to about 120 μL of blood to provide a test result withat least about 99.5% confidence or accuracy.

In some instances, the biological fluid sample is plasma or serum.Plasma or serum makes up roughly 55% of whole blood. In some instances,methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining at least about 10 μL ofplasma or serum to provide a test result with at least about 90%confidence or accuracy. In some instances, methods disclosed hereincomprise obtaining at least about 10 μL of plasma or serum to provide atest result with at least about 98% confidence or accuracy. In someinstances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining at least about 12μL of plasma or serum to provide a test result with at least about 90%confidence or accuracy. In some instances, methods disclosed hereincomprise obtaining at least about 12 μL of plasma or serum to provide atest result with at least about 95% confidence or accuracy. In someinstances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining at least about 12μL of plasma or serum to provide a test result with at least about 98%confidence or accuracy. In some instances, methods disclosed hereincomprise obtaining at least about 12 μL of plasma or serum to provide atest result with at least about 99% confidence or accuracy. In someinstances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining only about 10 μLto about 60 μL of plasma or serum to provide a test result with at leastabout 90% confidence or accuracy. In some instances, methods disclosedherein comprise obtaining only about 10 μL to about 60 μL of plasma orserum to provide a test result with at least about 95% confidence oraccuracy. In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtainingonly about 10 μL to about 60 μL of plasma or serum to provide a testresult with at least about 97% confidence or accuracy. In someinstances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining only about 10 μLto about 60 μL of plasma or serum to provide a test result with at leastabout 98% confidence or accuracy. In some instances, v only about 10 μLto about 60 μL of plasma or serum to provide a test result with at leastabout 99% confidence or accuracy. In some instances, methods disclosedherein comprise obtaining only about 10 μL to about 60 μL of plasma orserum to provide a test result with at least about 99.5% confidence oraccuracy.

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining abiological sample from a subject, wherein the biological sample containsan amount of cell-free nucleic acid molecules. In some instances,obtaining the biological sample results in disrupting or lysing cells inthe biological sample. Thus, in some instances, the biological samplecomprises cellular nucleic acid molecules. In some instances, cellularnucleic acid molecules make up less than about 1% of the total cellularnucleic acid molecules in the biological sample. In some instances,cellular nucleic acid molecules make up less than about 5% of the totalcellular nucleic acid molecules in the biological sample. In someinstances, cellular nucleic acid molecules make up less than about 10%of the total cellular nucleic acid molecules in the biological sample.In some instances, cellular nucleic acid molecules make up less thanabout 20% of the total cellular nucleic acid molecules in the biologicalsample. In some instances, cellular nucleic acid molecules make up morethan about 50% of the total cellular nucleic acid molecules in thebiological sample. In some instances, cellular nucleic acid moleculesmake up less than about 90% of the total cellular nucleic acid moleculesin the biological sample.

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining anultra-low volume of a biological fluid sample from a subject, whereinthe biological fluid sample contains an ultra-low amount of cell-freenucleic acids. In some instances, the ultra-low amount is between about4 pg to about 100 pg. In some instances, the ultra-low amount is betweenabout 4 pg to about 150 pg. In some instances, the ultra-low amount isbetween about 4 pg to about 200 pg. In some instances, the ultra-lowamount is between about 4 pg to about 300 pg. In some instances, theultra-low amount is between about 4 pg to about 400 pg. In someinstances, the ultra-low amount is between about 4 pg to about 500 pg.In some instances, the ultra-low amount is between about 4 pg to about 1ng. In some instances, the ultra-low amount is between about 10 pg toabout 100 pg. In some instances, the ultra-low amount is between about10 pg to about 150 pg. In some instances, the ultra-low amount isbetween about 10 pg to about 200 pg. In some instances, the ultra-lowamount is between about 10 pg to about 300 pg. In some instances, theultra-low amount is between about 10 pg to about 400 pg. In someinstances, the ultra-low amount is between about 10 pg to about 500 pg.In some instances, the ultra-low amount is between about 10 pg to about1 ng. In some instances, the ultra-low amount is between about 20 pg toabout 100 pg. In some instances, the ultra-low amount is between about20 pg to about 200 pg. In some instances, the ultra-low amount isbetween about 20 pg to about 500 pg. In some instances, the ultra-lowamount is between about 20 pg to about 1 ng. In some instances, theultra-low amount is between about 30 pg to about 150 pg. In someinstances, the ultra-low amount is between about 30 pg to about 180 pg.In some instances, the ultra-low amount is between about 30 pg to about200 pg. In some instances, the ultra-low amount is between is about 30pg to about 300 pg. In some instances, the ultra-low amount is betweenabout 30 pg to about 400 pg. In some instances, the ultra-low amount isbetween about 30 pg to about 500 pg. In some instances, the ultra-lowamount is between is about 30 pg to about 1 ng. In some instance, thesubject is a pregnant subject and the cell-free nucleic acids comprisecell-free fetal DNA. In some instances, the subject has a tumor and thecell-free nucleic acids comprise cell-free tumor DNA. In some instances,the subject is an organ transplant recipient and the cell-free nucleicacids comprise organ donor DNA.

In some instances, methods comprise obtaining less than about 1 ng ofcell-free fetal nucleic acids. In some instances, methods compriseobtaining less than about 500 pg of cell-free fetal nucleic acids. Insome instances, methods comprise obtaining less than about 100 pg ofcell-free fetal nucleic acids. In some instances, methods compriseobtaining at least 3.5 pg of cell-free fetal nucleic acids. In someinstances, methods comprise obtaining at least 10 pg of cell-free fetalnucleic acids. In some instances, methods comprise obtaining not morethan about 100 pg of cell-free fetal nucleic acids. In some instances,methods comprise obtaining not more than about 500 pg of cell-free fetalnucleic acids. In some instances, methods comprise obtaining not morethan about 1 ng of cell-free fetal nucleic acids.

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining abiological fluid sample from a subject, wherein the biological fluidsample contains at least 1 genome equivalent of cell-free DNA. Oneskilled in the art understands that a genome equivalent is the amount ofDNA necessary to be present in a sample to guarantee that all genes willbe present. Ultra-low volumes of biological fluid samples disclosedherein may contain an ultra-low number of genome equivalents. In someinstances, the biological fluid sample contains less than 1 genomeequivalent of cell-free nucleic acids. In some instances, the biologicalfluid sample contains at least 5 genome equivalents of cell-free nucleicacids. In some instances, the biological fluid sample contains at least10 genome equivalents of cell-free nucleic acids. In some instances, thebiological fluid sample contains at least 15 genome equivalents ofcell-free nucleic acids. In some instances, the biological fluid samplecontains at least 20 genome equivalents of cell-free nucleic acids. Insome instances, the biological fluid sample contains about 5 to about 50genome equivalents. In some instances, the biological fluid samplecontains about 10 to about 50 genome equivalents. In some instances, thebiological fluid sample contains about 10 to about 100 genomeequivalents. In some instances, the biological fluid sample contains notmore than 50 genome equivalents of cell-free nucleic acids. In someinstances, the biological fluid sample contains not more than 60 genomeequivalents of cell-free nucleic acids. In some instances, thebiological fluid sample contains not more than 80 genome equivalents ofcell-free nucleic acids. In some instances, the biological fluid samplecontains not more than 100 genome equivalents of cell-free nucleicacids.

Ultra-low volumes of biological fluid samples disclosed herein maycontain an ultra-low number of cell equivalents. In some instances,methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining a biological fluid samplefrom a subject, wherein the biological fluid sample contains at least 1cell equivalent of cell-free DNA. In some instances, the biologicalfluid sample contains at least 2 cell equivalents of cell-free nucleicacids. In some instances, the biological fluid sample contains at least5 cell equivalents of cell-free nucleic acids. In some instances, thebiological fluid sample contains about 5 cell equivalents of cell-freenucleic acids to about 40 cell equivalents. In some instances, thebiological fluid sample contains at least 5 cell equivalents to about100 cell equivalents of cell-free nucleic acids. In some instances, thebiological fluid sample contains not more than 30 cell equivalents ofcell-free nucleic acids. In some instances, the biological fluid samplecontains not more than 50 cell equivalents of cell-free nucleic acids.In some instances, the biological fluid sample contains not more than 80cell equivalents of cell-free nucleic acids. In some instances, thebiological fluid sample contains not more than 100 cell equivalents ofcell-free nucleic acids.

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining abiological sample from a subject, wherein the biological sample containsat least one cell-free nucleic acid of interest. By way of non-limitingexample, the cell-free nucleic acid of interest may be a cell-free fetalnucleic acid, cell-free tumor DNA, or DNA from a transplanted organ. Insome instances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining a biologicalsample from the subject, wherein the biological sample contains about 1to about 5 cell-free nucleic acids. In some instances, methods disclosedherein comprise obtaining a biological sample from the subject, whereinthe biological sample contains about 1 to about 15 cell-free nucleicacids. In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining abiological sample from the subject, wherein the biological samplecontains about 1 to about 25 cell-free nucleic acids. In some instances,methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining a biological sample from thesubject, wherein the biological sample contains about 1 to about 100cell-free nucleic acids. In some instances, methods disclosed hereincomprise obtaining a biological sample from the subject, wherein thebiological sample contains about 5 to about 100 cell-free nucleic acids.In some instances, the at least one cell-free nucleic acid isrepresented by a sequence that is unique to a target chromosomedisclosed herein.

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining abiological sample from a subject, wherein the biological sample containsabout 10² cell-free nucleic acids to about 10¹⁰ cell-free nucleic acids.In some instances, the biological sample contains about 10² cell-freenucleic acids to about 10⁹ cell-free nucleic acids. In some instances,the biological sample contains about 10² cell-free nucleic acids toabout 10⁸ cell-free nucleic acids. In some instances, the biologicalsample contains about 10² cell-free nucleic acids to about 10⁷ cell-freenucleic acids. In some instances, the biological sample contains about10² cell-free nucleic acids to about 10⁶ cell-free nucleic acids. Insome instances, the biological sample contains about 10² cell-freenucleic acids to about 10⁵ cell-free nucleic acids.

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining abiological sample from a subject, wherein the biological sample containsabout 10³ cell-free nucleic acids to about 10¹⁰ cell-free nucleic acids.In some instances, the biological sample contains about 10³ cell-freenucleic acids to about 10⁹ cell-free nucleic acids. In some instances,the biological sample contains about 10³ cell-free nucleic acids toabout 10⁸ cell-free nucleic acids. In some instances, the biologicalsample contains about 10³ cell-free nucleic acids to about 10⁷ cell-freenucleic acids. In some instances, the biological sample contains about10³ cell-free nucleic acids to about 10⁶ cell-free nucleic acids. Insome instances, the biological sample contains about 10³ cell-freenucleic acids to about 10⁵ cell-free nucleic acids.

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise obtaining abiological sample from a subject, wherein the biological sample has anumber of cell-free nucleic acids that correspond to a typical sampletype volume. By way of non-limiting example, 4 ml of human blood from apregnant subject typically contains about 10¹⁰ cell-free fetal nucleicacids. However, the concentration of cell-free fetal nucleic acids in asample, and thus, the sample volume required to be informative aboutfetal genetics, will depend on the sample type. Example 7, providedherein, also demonstrates how one of skill in the art can determine theminimum volume necessary to obtain a sufficient number of cell-freefetal nucleic acids.

Sample Processing

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise isolating orpurifying cell-free nucleic acid molecules from a biological sample. Insome instances, methods disclosed herein comprise isolating or purifyingnucleic cell-free fetal nucleic acid molecules from a biological sample.In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise removingnon-nucleic acid components from a biological sample described herein.In some instances, isolating or purifying comprises reducing unwantednon-nucleic acid components from a biological sample. In some instances,isolating or purifying comprises removing unwanted non-nucleic acidcomponents from a biological sample. In some instances, isolating orpurifying comprises removing at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, atleast 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, atleast 80%, or at least 90% of unwanted non-nucleic acid components froma biological sample. In some instances, isolating or purifying comprisesremoving at least 95% of unwanted non-nucleic acid components from abiological sample. In some instances, isolating or purifying comprisesremoving at least 97% of unwanted non-nucleic acid components from abiological sample. In some instances, isolating or purifying comprisesremoving at least 98% of unwanted non-nucleic acid components from abiological sample. In some instances, isolating or purifying comprisesremoving at least 99% of unwanted non-nucleic acid components from abiological sample. In some instances, isolating or purifying comprisesremoving at least 95% of unwanted non-nucleic acid components from abiological sample. In some instances, isolating or purifying comprisesremoving at least 97% of unwanted non-nucleic acid components from abiological sample. In some instances, isolating or purifying comprisesremoving at least 98% of unwanted non-nucleic acid components from abiological sample. In some instances, isolating or purifying comprisesremoving at least 99% of unwanted non-nucleic acid components from abiological sample.

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise isolating orpurifying nucleic acids from one or more non-nucleic acid components ofa biological sample. Non-nucleic acid components may also be consideredunwanted substances. Non-limiting examples of non-nucleic acidcomponents include cells (e.g., blood cells), cell fragments,extracellular vesicles, lipids, proteins or a combination thereof.Additional non-nucleic acid components are described herein andthroughout. It should be noted that while methods may compriseisolating/purifying nucleic acids, they may also comprise analyzing anon-nucleic acid component of a sample that is considered an unwantedsubstance in a nucleic acid purifying step. Isolating or purifying maycomprise removing components of a biological sample that would inhibit,interfere with or otherwise be detrimental to the later process stepssuch as nucleic acid amplification or detection.

Isolating or purifying may be performed with a device or systemdisclosed herein. Isolating or purifying may be performed within adevice or system disclosed herein. Isolating and/or purifying may occurwith the use of a sample purifier disclosed herein. In some instances,isolating or purifying nucleic acids comprises removing non-nucleic acidcomponents from a biological sample described herein. In some instances,isolating or purifying nucleic acids comprises discarding non-nucleicacid components from a biological sample. In some instances, isolatingor purifying comprises collecting, processing and analyzing thenon-nucleic acid components. In some instances, the non-nucleic acidcomponents may be considered biomarkers because they provide additionalinformation about the subject.

In some instances, isolating or purifying nucleic acids comprise lysinga cell. In some instances, isolating or purifying nucleic acids avoidslysing a cell. In some instances, isolating or purifying nucleic acidsdoes not comprise lysing a cell. In some instances, isolating orpurifying nucleic acids does not comprise an active step intended tolyse a cell. In some instances, isolating or purifying nucleic acidsdoes not comprise intentionally lysing a cell. Intentionally lysing acell may include mechanically disrupting a cell membrane (e.g.,shearing). Intentionally lysing a cell may include contacting the cellwith a lysis reagent. Exemplary lysis reagents are described herein.

In some instances, isolating or purifying nucleic acids comprises lysingand performing sequence specific capture of a target nucleic acid with“bait” in a solution followed by binding of the “bait” to solid supportssuch as magnetic beads, e.g. Legler et al., Specific magnetic bead-basedcapture of free fetal DNA from maternal plasma, Transfusion andApheresis Science 40 (2009), 153-157. In some instances, methodscomprise performing sequence specific capture in the presence of arecombinase or helicase. Use of a recombinase or helicase may avoid theneed for heat denaturation of a nucleic acid and speed up the detectionstep.

In some instances, isolating or purifying comprises separatingcomponents of a biological sample disclosed herein. By way ofnon-limiting example, isolating or purifying may comprise separatingplasma from blood. In some instances, isolating or purifying comprisescentrifuging the biological sample. In some instances, isolating orpurifying comprises filtering the biological sample in order to separatecomponents of a biological sample. In some instances, isolating orpurifying comprises filtering the biological sample in order to removenon-nucleic acid components from the biological sample. In someinstances, isolating or purifying comprises filtering the biologicalsample in order to capture nucleic acids from the biological sample.

In some instances, the biological sample is blood and isolating orpurifying a nucleic acid comprises obtaining or isolating plasma fromblood. Obtaining plasma may comprise separating plasma from cellularcomponents of a blood sample. Obtaining plasma may comprise centrifugingthe blood, filtering the blood, or a combination thereof. Obtainingplasma may comprise allowing blood to be subjected to gravity (e.g.,sedimentation). Obtaining plasma may comprise subjecting blood to amaterial that wicks a portion of the blood away from non-nucleic acidcomponents of the blood. In some instances, methods comprise subjectingthe blood to vertical filtration. In some instances, methods comprisesubjecting the blood to a sample purifier comprising a filter matrix forreceiving whole blood, the filter matrix having a pore size that isprohibitive for cells to pass through, while plasma can pass through thefilter matrix uninhibited. Such vertical filtration and filter matricesare described for devices disclosed herein.

In some instances, isolating or purifying comprises subjecting abiological sample, or a fraction thereof, or a modified version thereof,to a binding moiety. The binding moiety may be capable of binding to acomponent of a biological sample and removing it to produce a modifiedsample depleted of cells, cell fragments, nucleic acids or proteins thatare unwanted or of no interest. In some instances, isolating orpurifying comprises subjecting a biological sample to a binding moietyto reduce unwanted substances or non-nucleic acid components in abiological sample. In some instances, isolating or purifying comprisessubjecting a biological sample to a binding moiety to produce a modifiedsample enriched with target cell, target cell fragments, target nucleicacids or target proteins. By way of non-limiting example, isolating orpurifying may comprise subjecting a biological sample to a bindingmoiety for capturing placenta educated platelets, which may containfetal DNA or RNA fragments. The resulting cell-bound binding moietiescan be captured/enriched for with antibodies or other methods, e.g., lowspeed centrifugation.

Isolating or purifying may comprise capturing an extracellular vesicleor extracellular microparticle in the biological sample with a bindingmoiety. In some instances, the extracellular vesicle contains at leastone of DNA and RNA. In some instances, the extracellular vesicle isfetal/placental in origin. Methods may comprise capturing anextracellular vesicle or extracellular microparticle in the biologicalsample that comes from a maternal cell. In some instances, methodsdisclosed herein comprise capturing and discarding an extracellularvesicle or extracellular microparticle from a maternal cell to enrichthe sample for fetal/placental nucleic acids.

In some instances, methods comprise capturing a nucleosome in abiological sample and analyzing nucleic acids attached to thenucleosome. In some instances, methods comprise capturing an exosome ina biological sample and analyzing nucleic acids attached to the exosome.Capturing nucleosomes and/or exosomes may preclude the need for a lysisstep or reagent, thereby simplifying the method and reducing time fromsample collection to detection.

In some instances, methods comprise subjecting a biological sample to acell-binding moiety for capturing placenta educated platelets, which maycontain fetal DNA or RNA fragments. Capturing may comprise contactingthe placenta educated platelets with a binding moiety (e.g., an antibodyfor a cell surface marker), subjecting the biological sample to lowspeed centrifugation, or a combination thereof. In some instances, thebinding moiety is attached to a solid support disclosed herein, andmethods comprise separating the solid support from the rest of thebiological sample after the binding moiety has made contact with thebiological sample.

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise removing unwantednon-nucleic acid components from a biological sample. In some instances,methods disclosed herein comprise removing and discarding non-nucleicacid components from a biological sample. Non-limiting examples ofnon-nucleic acid components include cells (e.g., blood cells), cellfragments, extracellular vesicles, lipids, proteins or a combinationthereof. In some instances, removing non-nucleic acid components maycomprise centrifuging the biological sample. In some instances, removingnon-nucleic acid components may comprise filtering the biological fluidsample. In some instances, removing non-nucleic acid components maycomprise contacting the biological sample with a binding moietydescribed herein.

In some embodiments, methods disclosed herein comprise purifying nucleicacids in a sample. In some instances, purifying does not comprisewashing the nucleic acids with a wash buffer. In some instances, thenucleic acids are cell-free fetal nucleic acids. In some embodiments,purifying comprises capturing the nucleic acids with a nucleic acidcapturing moiety to produce captured nucleic acids. Non-limitingexamples of nucleic acid capturing moieties are silica particles andparamagnetic particles. In some embodiments, purifying comprises passingthe sample containing the captured nucleic acids through a hydrophobicphase (e.g., a liquid or wax). The hydrophobic phase retains impuritiesin the sample that would otherwise inhibit further manipulation (e.g.,amplification, sequencing) of the nucleic acids.

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise removing nucleicacid components from a biological sample described herein. In someinstances, the removed nucleic acid components are discarded. By way ofnon-limiting example, methods may comprise analyzing only DNA. Thus, RNAis unwanted and creates undesirable background noise or contamination tothe DNA. In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise removingRNA from a biological sample. In some instances, methods disclosedherein comprise removing mRNA from a biological sample. In someinstances, methods disclosed herein comprise removing microRNA from abiological sample. In some instances, methods disclosed herein compriseremoving maternal RNA from a biological sample. In some instances,methods disclosed herein comprise removing DNA from a biological sample.In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise removing maternalDNA from a biological sample of a pregnant subject. In some instances,removing nucleic acid components comprises contacting the nucleic acidcomponents with an oligonucleotide capable of hybridizing to the nucleicacid, wherein the oligonucleotide is conjugated, attached or bound to acapturing device (e.g., bead, column, matrix, nanoparticle, magneticparticle, etc.). In some instances, the removed nucleic acid componentsare discarded.

In some instances, removing nucleic acid components comprises separatingthe nucleic acid components on a gel by size. For example, circulatingcell-free fetal DNA fragments are generally less than 200 base pairs inlength. In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise removingcell-free DNA from the biological sample. In some instances, methodsdisclosed herein comprise capturing cell-free DNA from the biologicalsample. In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise selectingcell-free DNA from the biological sample. In some instances, thecell-free DNA has a minimum length. In some instances, the minimumlength is about 50 base pairs. In some instances, the minimum length isabout 100 base pairs. In some instances, the minimum length is about 110base pairs. In some instances, the minimum length is about 120 basepairs. In some instances, the minimum length is about 140 base pairs. Insome instances, the cell-free DNA has a maximum length. In someinstances, the maximum length is about 180 base pairs. In someinstances, the maximum length is about 200 base pairs. In someinstances, the maximum length is about 220 base pairs. In someinstances, the maximum length is about 240 base pairs. In someinstances, the maximum length is about 300 base pairs. Size basedseparation would be useful for other categories of nucleic acids havinglimited size ranges, which are well known in the art (e.g., microRNAs).

Amplifying Nucleic Acids

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise amplifying at leastone nucleic acid in a sample to produce at least one amplificationproduct. The at least one nucleic acid may be a cell-free nucleic acid.The sample may be a biological sample disclosed herein or a fraction orportion thereof. In some instances, methods comprise producing a copy ofthe nucleic acid in the sample and amplifying the copy to produce the atleast one amplification product. In some instances, methods compriseproducing a reverse transcript of the nucleic acid in the sample andamplifying the reverse transcript to produce the at least oneamplification product.

In some instances, methods comprise performing whole genomeamplification. In some instances, methods do not comprise performingwhole genome amplification. The term, “whole genome amplification” mayrefer to amplifying all of the cell-free nucleic acids in a biologicalsample. The term, “whole genome amplification” may refer to amplifyingat least 90% of the cell-free nucleic acids in a biological sample.Whole genome may refer to multiple genomes. Whole genome amplificationmay comprise amplifying cell-free nucleic acids from a biological sampleof a subject, wherein the biological sample comprises cell-free nucleicacids from the subject and a foreign tissue. For example, whole genomeamplification may comprise amplifying cell-free nucleic acids from botha subject (a host genome) and an organ or tissue that has beentransplanted into the subject (a donor genome). Also by way ofnon-limiting example, whole genome amplification may comprise amplifyingcell-free nucleic acids from a biological sample of a pregnant subject,wherein the biological sample comprises cell-free nucleic acids from thepregnant subject and her fetus. Whole genome amplification may compriseamplifying cell-free nucleic acids from a biological sample of a subjecthaving cancer, wherein the biological sample comprises cell-free nucleicacids from benign tissue of the subject and a tumor in the subject.Whole genome amplification may comprise amplifying cell-free nucleicacids from a biological sample of a subject having an infection, whereinthe biological sample comprises cell-free nucleic acids from the subjectand a pathogen.

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise amplifying anucleic acid, wherein amplifying comprises performing an isothermalamplification of the nucleic acid. Non-limiting examples of isothermalamplification are as follows: loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP), strand displacement amplification (SDA), helicase dependentamplification (HDA), nicking enzyme amplification reaction (NEAR), andrecombinase polymerase amplification (RPA).

Any appropriate nucleic acid amplification method known in the art iscontemplated for use in the devices and methods described herein. Insome instances, isothermal amplification is used. In some instances,amplification is isothermal with the exception of an initial heatingstep before isothermal amplification begins. A number of isothermalamplification methods, each having different considerations andproviding different advantages, are known in the art and have beendiscussed in the literature, e.g., by Zanoli and Spoto, 2013,“Isothermal Amplification Methods for the Detection of Nucleic Acids inMicrofluidic Devices,” Biosensors 3: 18-43, and Fakruddin, et al., 2013,“Alternative Methods of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR),” Journal ofPharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 5(4): 245-252, each incorporated hereinby reference in its entirety. In some instances, any appropriateisothermic amplification method is used. In some instances, theisothermic amplification method used is selected from: Loop MediatedIsothermal Amplification (LAMP); Nucleic Acid Sequence BasedAmplification (NASBA); Multiple Displacement Amplification (MDA);Rolling Circle Amplification (RCA); Helicase Dependent Amplification(HDA); Strand Displacement Amplification (SDA); Nicking EnzymeAmplification Reaction (NEAR); Ramification Amplification Method (RAM);and Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA).

In some instances, the amplification method used is LAMP (see, e.g.,Notomi, et al., 2000, “Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification” NAR28(12): e63 i-vii, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,410,278, “Process forsynthesizing nucleic acid” each incorporated by reference herein in itsentirety). LAMP is a one-step amplification system using auto-cyclingstrand displacement deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis. In someinstances, LAMP is carried out at 60-65° C. for 45-60 min in thepresence of a thermostable polymerase, e.g., Bacillus stearothermophilus(Bst) DNA polymerase I, deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTPs),specific primers and the target DNA template. In some instances, thetemplate is RNA and a polymerase having both reverse transcriptaseactivity and strand displacement-type DNA polymerase activity, e.g., BcaDNA polymerase, is used, or a polymerase having reverse transcriptaseactivity is used for the reverse transcriptase step and a polymerase nothaving reverse transcriptase activity is used for the stranddisplacement-DNA synthesis step.

In some instances, the amplification method is Nucleic Acid SequenceBased Amplification (NASBA). NASBA (also known as 3SR, andtranscription-mediated amplification) is an isothermaltranscription-based RNA amplification system. Three enzymes (avianmyeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase, RNase H and T7 DNA dependentRNA polymerase) are used to generate single-stranded RNA. In certaincases NASBA can be used to amplify DNA. The amplification reaction isperformed at 41° C., maintaining constant temperature, typically forabout 60 to about 90 minutes (see, e.g., Fakruddin, et al., 2012,“Nucleic Acid Sequence Based Amplification (NASBA) Prospects andApplications,” Int. J. of Life Science and Pharma Res. 2(1):L106-L121,incorporated by reference herein).

In some instances, the NASBA reaction is carried out at about 40° C. toabout 42° C. In some instances, the NASBA reaction is carried out at 41°C. In some instances, the NASBA reaction is carried out at at most about42° C. In some instances, the NASBA reaction is carried out at about 40°C. to about 41° C., about 40° C. to about 42° C., or about 41° C. toabout 42° C. In some instances, the NASBA reaction is carried out atabout 40° C., about 41° C., or about 42° C.

In some instances, the amplification method is Strand DisplacementAmplification (SDA). SDA is an isothermal amplification method that usesfour different primers. A primer containing a restriction site (arecognition sequence for HincII exonuclease) is annealed to the DNAtemplate. An exonuclease-deficient fragment of Eschericia coli DNApolymerase 1 (exo-Klenow) elongates the primers. Each SDA cycle consistsof (1) primer binding to a displaced target fragment, (2) extension ofthe primer/target complex by exo-Klenow, (3) nicking of the resultanthemiphosphothioate HincII site, (4) dissociation of HincII from thenicked site and (5) extension of the nick and displacement of thedownstream strand by exo-Klenow.

In some instances, methods comprise contacting DNA in a sample with ahelicase. In some instances, the amplification method is HelicaseDependent Amplification (HDA). HDA is an isothermal reaction because ahelicase, instead of heat, is used to denature DNA.

In some instances, the amplification method is Multiple DisplacementAmplification (MDA). The MDA is an isothermal, strand-displacing methodbased on the use of the highly processive and strand-displacing DNApolymerase from bacteriophage 029, in conjunction with modified randomprimers to amplify the entire genome with high fidelity. It has beendeveloped to amplify all DNA in a sample from a very small amount ofstarting material. In MDA 029 DNA polymerase is incubated with dNTPs,random hexamers and denatured template DNA at 30° C. for 16 to 18 hoursand the enzyme must be inactivated at high temperature (65° C.) for 10min. No repeated recycling is required, but a short initial denaturationstep, the amplification step, and a final inactivation of the enzyme areneeded.

In some instances, the amplification method is Rolling CircleAmplification (RCA). RCA is an isothermal nucleic acid amplificationmethod which allows amplification of the probe DNA sequences by morethan 10⁹ fold at a single temperature, typically about 30° C. Numerousrounds of isothermal enzymatic synthesis are carried out by 029 DNApolymerase, which extends a circle-hybridized primer by continuouslyprogressing around the circular DNA probe. In some instances, theamplification reaction is carried out using RCA, at about 28° C. toabout 32° C.

Additional amplification methods can be found in the art that could beincorporated into devices and methods disclosed herein. Ideally, theamplification method is isothermal and fast relative to traditional PCR.In some instances, amplifying comprises performing an exponentialamplification reaction (EXPAR), which is an isothermal molecular chainreaction in that the products of one reaction catalyze further reactionsthat create the same products. In some instances, amplifying occurs inthe presence of an endonuclease. The endonuclease may be a nickingendonuclease. See, e.g., Wu et al., “Aligner-Mediated Cleavage ofNucleic Acids,” Chemical Science (2018). In some instances, amplifyingdoes not require initial heat denaturation of target DNA. See, e.g.,Toley et al., “Isothermal strand displacement amplification (iSDA): arapid and sensitive method of nucleic acid amplification forpoint-of-care diagnosis,” The Analyst (2015). Pulse controlledamplification in an ultrafast amplification method developed by GNABiosolutions GmbH.

In some instances, methods comprise performing multiple cycles ofnucleic acid amplification with a pair of primers. The number ofamplification cycles is important because amplification may introduce abias into the representation of regions. With ultra low input amounts,amplification is even more prone to create biases and hence increasingefficiency prior to amplification is important for high accuracy. Notall regions amplify with the same efficiency and therefore the overallrepresentation may not be uniform which will impact the accuracy of theanalysis. Usually fewer cycles are ideal if amplification is necessaryat all. In some instances, methods comprise performing fewer than 30cycles of amplification. In some instances, methods comprise performingfewer than 25 cycles of amplification. In some instances, methodscomprise performing fewer than 20 cycles of amplification. In someinstances, methods comprise performing fewer than 15 cycles ofamplification. In some instances, methods comprise performing fewer than12 cycles of amplification. In some instances, methods compriseperforming fewer than 11 cycles of amplification. In some instances,methods comprise performing fewer than 10 cycles of amplification. Insome instances, methods comprise performing at least 3 cycles ofamplification. In some instances, methods comprise performing at least 5cycles of amplification. In some instances, methods comprise performingat least 8 cycles of amplification. In some instances, methods compriseperforming at least 10 cycles of amplification.

In some instances, the amplification reaction is carried for about 30 toabout 90 minutes. In some instances, the amplification reaction iscarried out for at least about 30 minutes. In some instances, theamplification reaction is carried out for at most about 90 minutes. Insome instances, the amplification reaction is carried out for about 30minutes to about 35 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 40 minutes, about30 minutes to about 45 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 50 minutes,about 30 minutes to about 55 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 60minutes, about 30 minutes to about 65 minutes, about 30 minutes to about70 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 75 minutes, about 30 minutes toabout 80 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 35 minutesto about 40 minutes, about 35 minutes to about 45 minutes, about 35minutes to about 50 minutes, about 35 minutes to about 55 minutes, about35 minutes to about 60 minutes, about 35 minutes to about 65 minutes,about 35 minutes to about 70 minutes, about 35 minutes to about 75minutes, about 35 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 35 minutes to about90 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 45 minutes, about 40 minutes toabout 50 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 55 minutes, about 40 minutesto about 60 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 65 minutes, about 40minutes to about 70 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 75 minutes, about40 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 90 minutes,about 45 minutes to about 50 minutes, about 45 minutes to about 55minutes, about 45 minutes to about 60 minutes, about 45 minutes to about65 minutes, about 45 minutes to about 70 minutes, about 45 minutes toabout 75 minutes, about 45 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 45 minutesto about 90 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 55 minutes, about 50minutes to about 60 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 65 minutes, about50 minutes to about 70 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 75 minutes,about 50 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 90minutes, about 55 minutes to about 60 minutes, about 55 minutes to about65 minutes, about 55 minutes to about 70 minutes, about 55 minutes toabout 75 minutes, about 55 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 55 minutesto about 90 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 65 minutes, about 60minutes to about 70 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 75 minutes, about60 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 90 minutes,about 65 minutes to about 70 minutes, about 65 minutes to about 75minutes, about 65 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 65 minutes to about90 minutes, about 70 minutes to about 75 minutes, about 70 minutes toabout 80 minutes, about 70 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 75 minutesto about 80 minutes, about 75 minutes to about 90 minutes, or about 80minutes to about 90 minutes. In some instances, the amplificationreaction is carried out for about 30 minutes, about 35 minutes, about 40minutes, about 45 minutes, about 50 minutes, about 55 minutes, about 60minutes, about 65 minutes, about 70 minutes, about 75 minutes, about 80minutes, or about 90 minutes.

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise amplifying anucleic acid at least at one temperature. In some instances, methodsdisclosed herein comprise amplifying a nucleic acid at a singletemperature (e.g., isothermal amplification). In some instances, methodsdisclosed herein comprise amplifying a nucleic acid, wherein theamplifying occurs at not more than two temperatures. Amplifying mayoccur in one step or multiple steps. Non-limiting examples of amplifyingsteps include double strand denaturing, primer hybridization, and primerextension.

In some instances, at least one step of amplifying occurs at roomtemperature. In some instances, all steps of amplifying occur at roomtemperature. In some instances, at least one step of amplifying occursin a temperature range. In some instances, all steps of amplifying occurin a temperature range. In some instances, the temperature range isabout 0° C. to about 100° C. In some instances, the temperature range isabout 15° C. to about 100° C. In some instances, the temperature rangeis about 25° C. to about 100° C. In some instances, the temperaturerange is about 35° C. to about 100° C. In some instances, thetemperature range is about 55° C. to about 100° C. In some instances,the temperature range is about 65° C. to about 100° C. In someinstances, the temperature range is about 15° C. to about 80° C. In someinstances, the temperature range is about 25° C. to about 80° C. In someinstances, the temperature range is about 35° C. to about 80° C. In someinstances, the temperature range is about 55° C. to about 80° C. In someinstances, the temperature range is about 65° C. to about 80° C. In someinstances, the temperature range is about 15° C. to about 60° C. In someinstances, the temperature range is about 25° C. to about 60° C. In someinstances, the temperature range is about 35° C. to about 60° C. In someinstances, the temperature range is about 15° C. to about 40° C. In someinstances, the temperature range is about −20° C. to about 100° C. Insome instances, the temperature range is about −20° C. to about 90° C.In some instances, the temperature range is about −20° C. to about 50°C. In some instances, the temperature range is about −20° C. to about40° C. In some instances, the temperature range is about −20° C. toabout 10° C. In some instances, the temperature range is about 0° C. toabout 100° C. In some instances, the temperature range is about 0° C. toabout 40° C. In some instances, the temperature range is about 0° C. toabout 30° C. In some instances, the temperature range is about 0° C. toabout 20° C. In some instances, the temperature range is about 0° C. toabout 10° C. In some instances, the temperature range is about 15° C. toabout 100° C. In some instances, the temperature range is about 15° C.to about 90° C. In some instances, the temperature range is about 15° C.to about 80° C. In some instances, the temperature range is about isabout 15° C. to about 70° C. In some instances, the temperature range isabout 15° C. to about 60° C. In some instances, the temperature range isabout 15° C. to about 50° C. In some instances, the temperature range isabout 15° C. to about 30° C. In some instances, the temperature range isabout 10° C. to about 30° C. In some instances, methods disclose hereinare performed at room temperature, not requiring cooling, freezing orheating. In some instances, amplifying comprises contacting the samplewith random oligonucleotide primers. In some instances, amplifyingcomprises contacting cell-free nucleic acid molecules disclosed hereinwith random oligonucleotide primers. In some instances, amplifyingcomprises contacting cell-free fetal nucleic acid molecules disclosedherein with random oligonucleotide primers. In some instances,amplifying comprises contacting the tagged nucleic acid moleculesdisclosed herein with random oligonucleotide primers. Amplifying with aplurality of random primers generally results in non-targetedamplification of multiple nucleic acids of different sequences or anoverall amplification of most nucleic acids in a sample.

In some instances, amplifying comprises targeted amplification (e.g.,selector method (described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,558,928), molecularinversion probes). In some instances, amplifying a nucleic acidcomprises contacting a nucleic acid with at least one primer having asequence corresponding to a target chromosome sequence. Exemplarychromosome sequences are disclosed herein. In some instances, amplifyingcomprises contacting the nucleic acid with at least one primer having asequence corresponding to a non-target chromosome sequence. In someinstances, amplifying comprises contacting the nucleic acid with notmore than one pair of primers, wherein each primer of the pair ofprimers comprises a sequence corresponding to a sequence on a targetchromosome disclosed herein. In some instances, amplifying comprisescontacting the nucleic acid with multiple sets of primers, wherein eachof a first pair in a first set and each of a pair in a second set areall different.

In some instances, amplifying comprises contacting the sample with atleast one primer having a sequence corresponding to a sequence on atarget chromosome disclosed herein. In some instances, amplifyingcomprises contacting the sample with at least one primer having asequence corresponding to a sequence on a non-target chromosomedisclosed herein. In some instances, amplifying comprises contacting thesample with not more than one pair of primers, wherein each primer ofthe pair of primers comprises a sequence corresponding to a sequence ona target chromosome disclosed herein. In some instances, amplifyingcomprises contacting the sample with multiple sets of primers, whereineach of a first pair in a first set and each of a pair in a second setare all different.

In some instances, amplifying comprises multiplexing (nucleic acidamplification of a plurality of nucleic acids in one reaction). In someinstances, multiplexing comprises contacting nucleic acids of thebiological sample with a plurality of oligonucleotide primer pairs. Insome instances, multiplexing comprising contacting a first nucleic acidand a second nucleic acid, wherein the first nucleic acid corresponds toa first sequence and the second nucleic acid corresponds to a secondsequence. In some instances, the first sequence and the second sequenceare the same. In some instances, the first sequence and the secondsequence are different. In some instances, amplifying does not comprisemultiplexing. In some instances, amplifying does not requiremultiplexing. In some instance, amplifying comprises nested primeramplification. Methods may comprise multiplex PCR of multiple regions,wherein each region comprises a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP).Multiplexing may occur in a single tube. In some instances, methodscomprise multiplex PCR of more than 100 regions wherein each regioncomprises a SNP. In some instances, methods comprise multiplex PCR ofmore than 500 regions wherein each region comprises a SNP. In someinstances, methods comprise multiplex PCR of more than 1000 regionswherein each region comprises a SNP. In some instances, methods comprisemultiplex PCR of more than 2000 regions wherein each region comprises aSNP. In some instances, methods comprise multiplex PCR of more than 300regions wherein each region comprises a SNP.

In some instances, methods comprise amplifying a nucleic acid in thesample, wherein amplifying comprises contacting the sample with at leastone oligonucleotide primer, wherein the at least one oligonucleotideprimer is not active or extendable until it is in contact with thesample. In some instances, amplifying comprises contacting the samplewith at least one oligonucleotide primer, wherein the at least oneoligonucleotide primer is not active or extendable until it is exposedto a selected temperature. In some instances, amplifying comprisescontacting the sample with at least one oligonucleotide primer, whereinthe at least one oligonucleotide primer is not active or extendableuntil it is contacted with an activating reagent. By way of non-limitingexample, the at least one oligonucleotide primer may comprise a blockinggroup. Using such oligonucleotide primers may minimize primer dimers,allow recognition of unused primer, and/or avoid false results caused byunused primers. In some instances, amplifying comprises contacting thesample with at least one oligonucleotide primer comprising a sequencecorresponding to a sequence on a target chromosome disclosed herein.

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise the use of one ormore tags. The use of one or more tags may increase at least one of theefficiency, speed and accuracy of methods disclosed herein. In someinstances, the oligonucleotide primer comprises a tag, wherein the tagis not specific to a target sequence. Such a tag may be referred to as auniversal tag. In some instances, methods comprise tagging a targetsequence, or fragment thereof, in the sample with a tag that is notspecific to the target sequence. In some instances, the tag that is notspecific to a sequence on a human chromosome. Alternatively oradditionally, methods comprise contacting the sample with a tag and atleast one oligonucleotide primer comprising a sequence corresponding toa target sequence, wherein the tag is separate from the oligonucleotideprimer. In some instances, the tag is incorporated in an amplificationproduct produced by extension of the oligonucleotide primer after ithybridizes to the target sequence. The tag may be an oligonucleotide, asmall molecule, or a peptide. In some instances, the tag does notcomprise a nucleotide. In some instances, the tag does not comprise anoligonucleotide. In some instances, the tag does not comprise an aminoacid. In some instances, the tag does not comprise a peptide. In someinstances, the tag is not sequence specific. In some instances, the tagcomprises a generic sequence that does not correspond to any particulartarget sequence. In some instances, the tag is detectable when anamplification product is produced, regardless of the sequence amplified.In some instances, at least one of the oligonucleotide primer and tagcomprises a peptide nucleic acid (PNA). In some instances, at least oneof the oligonucleotide primer and tag comprises a locked nucleic acid(LNA).

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise the use of aplurality of tags, thereby increasing at least one of the accuracy ofthe method, speed of the method and information obtained by the method.In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise the use of aplurality of tags, thereby decreasing the volume of sample required toobtain a reliable result. In some instances, the plurality of tagscomprises at least one capture tag. In some instances, the plurality oftags comprises at least one detection tag. In some instances, theplurality of tags comprises a combination of least one capture tag andat least one detection tag. A capture tag is generally used to isolateor separate a specific sequence or region from other regions. A typicalexample for a capture tag is biotin (that can be captured usingstreptavidin coated surfaces for example). Examples of detection tagsare digoxigenin and a fluorescent tag. The detection tag may be detecteddirectly (e.g., laser irradiation and/or measuring emitted light) orindirectly through an antibody that carries or interacts with asecondary detection system such as a luminescent assay or enzymaticassay. In some instances, the plurality of tags comprises a combinationof least one capture tag (a tag used to isolate an analyte) and at leastone detection tag (a tag used to detect the analyte). In some instance,a single tag acts as a detection tag and a capture tag.

In some instances, methods comprise contacting the at least onecirculating cell-free nucleic acid in the sample with a first tag and asecond tag, wherein the first tag comprises a first oligonucleotide thatis complementary to a sense strand of the circulating cell-free nucleicacid, and the second capture tag comprises a second oligonucleotide thatis complementary to an antisense strand of the circulating cell-freenucleic acid. In some instances, methods comprise contacting the atleast one circulating cell-free nucleic acid in the sample with a firsttag and a second tag, wherein the first tag carries the same label asthe second tag. In some instances, methods comprise contacting the atleast one circulating cell-free nucleic acid in the sample with a firsttag and a second tag, wherein the first tag carries a different labelthan the second tag. In some instances, the tags are the same and thereis a single qualitative or quantitative signal that is the aggregate ofall probes/regions detected. In some instances, the tags are different.One tag may be used to purify and one tag may be used to detect. In someinstances, a first oligonucleotide tag is specific to a region (e.g.,cfDNA fragment) and carries a fluorescent label and a secondoligonucleotide is specific to an adjacent region and carries the samefluorescent label because only the aggregate signal is desired. In otherinstances, a first oligonucleotide tag is specific to a region (e.g.,cfDNA fragment) and carries a fluorescent label and a secondoligonucleotide is specific to an adjacent region and carries adifferent fluorescent label to detect two distinct regions.

In some instances, methods comprise detecting an amplification product,wherein the amplification product is produced by amplifying at least aportion of a target chromosome disclosed herein, or fragment thereof.The portion or fragment of the target chromosome may comprise at least 5nucleotides. The portion or fragment of the target chromosome maycomprise at least about 10 nucleotides. The portion or fragment of thetarget chromosome may comprise at least about 15 nucleotides. In someinstances, detecting amplification products disclosed herein does notcomprise tagging or labeling the amplification product. In someinstances, methods detect the amplification product based on its amount.For example, the methods may detect an increase in the amount of doublestranded DNA in the sample. In some instances, detecting theamplification product is at least partially based on its size. In someinstances, the amplification product has a length of about 50 base pairsto about 500 base pairs.

In some instances, detecting the amplification product comprisescontacting the amplification product with a tag. In some instances, thetag comprises a sequence that is complementary to a sequence of theamplification product. In some instances, the tag does not comprise asequence that is complementary to a sequence of the amplificationproduct. Non-limiting examples of tags are described in the foregoingand following disclosure.

In some instances, detecting the amplification product, whether taggedor not tagged, comprises subjecting the amplification product to asignal detector or assay assembly of a device, system, or kit disclosedherein. In some instances, methods comprise comprises amplifying anddetecting on an assay assembly of a device, system, or kit disclosedherein. In some instances, the assay assembly comprises amplificationreagents. In some instances, methods comprise applying an instrument orreagent to an assay assembly (e.g., lateral flow assay) disclosed hereinto control the flow of a biological sample, solution, or combinationthereof, through the lateral flow assay. In some instances, theinstrument is a vacuum, a pipet, a pump, or a combination thereof.

Sequencing

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise sequencing anucleic acid. The nucleic acid may be a nucleic acid disclosed herein,such as a tagged nucleic acid, an amplified nucleic acid, a cell-freenucleic acid, a cell-free fetal nucleic acid, a nucleic acid having asequence corresponding to a target chromosome, a nucleic acid having asequence corresponding to a region of a target chromosome, a nucleicacid having a sequence corresponding to a non-target chromosome, or acombination thereof. In some instances, the nucleic acid is DNA. In someinstances, the nucleic acid is RNA. In some instances, the nucleic acidcomprises DNA. In some instances, the nucleic acid comprises RNA.

In some instances, sequencing comprises targeted sequencing. In someinstances, sequencing comprises whole genome sequencing. In someinstances, sequencing comprises targeted sequencing and whole genomesequencing. In some instances, whole genome sequencing comprises massiveparallel sequencing, also referred to in the art as next generationsequencing or second generation sequencing. In some instances, wholegenome sequencing comprises random massive parallel sequencing. In someinstances, sequencing comprises random massive parallel sequencing oftarget regions captured from a whole genome library.

In some instances, methods comprise sequencing amplified nucleic acidsdisclosed herein. In some instances, amplified nucleic acids areproduced by targeted amplification (e.g., with primers specific totarget sequences of interest). In some instances, amplified nucleicacids are produced by non-targeted amplification (e.g., with randomoligonucleotide primers). In some instances, methods comprise sequencingamplified nucleic acids, wherein the sequencing comprises massiveparallel sequencing.

In some instances, methods comprise performing a genome sequencealignment using an algorithm. By way of non-limiting example, thealgorithm may be designed to recognize a chromosome copy number. Thealgorithm may be designed to reveal an observed number of sequence readsassociated with each relevant allele at various SNP loci. The algorithmmay use parental genotypes and crossover frequency data to createmonosomic, disomic and trisomic fetal genotypes at measured loci insilico, which are then used to predict sequencing data for eachgenotype. Using a Bayesian model, the sequencing data with the maximumlikelihood is selected as the copy number and fetal fraction and thelikelihood is the calculated accuracy. Different probabilitydistributions may be expected for each of the two possible alleles foreach SNP and compared the observed alleles. This is described byZimmermann et al., in Prenat Diagn (2012) 32:1233-1241. However,Zimmermann et al. believed that samples containing less than a 4.0%fetal fraction could not be informative and that a volume of at least 20ml of blood was necessary to get enough cell-free DNA to perform thistype of analysis. In contrast, the methods of the instant applicationmay employ this analysis with samples with less than a 4% fetal fractionand samples that do not require nearly as much sample.

Library Preparation

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise modifying cell-freenucleic acids in the biological sample to produce a library of cell-freenucleic acids for detection. In some instances, methods comprisemodifying cell-free nucleic acids for nucleic acid sequencing. In someinstances, methods comprise modifying cell-free nucleic acids fordetection, wherein detection does not comprise nucleic acid sequencing.In some instances, methods comprise modifying cell-free nucleic acidsfor detection, wherein detection comprises counting tagged cell-freenucleic acids based on an occurrence of tag detection. In someinstances, methods disclosed herein comprise modifying cell-free nucleicacids in the biological sample to produce a library of cell-free nucleicacids, wherein the method comprises amplifying the cell-free nucleicacids. In some instances, modifying occurs before amplifying. In someinstances, modifying occurs after amplifying.

In some instances, modifying the cell-free nucleic acids comprisesrepairing ends of cell-free nucleic acids that are fragments of anucleic acid. By way of non-limiting example, repairing ends maycomprise restoring a 5′ phosphate group, a 3′ hydroxy group, or acombination thereof to the cell-free nucleic acid. In some instances,repairing comprises 5′-phosphorylation, A-tailing, gap filling, closingnick sites or a combination thereof. In some instances, repairing maycomprise removing overhangs. In some instances, repairing may comprisefilling in overhangs with complementary nucleotides.

In some instances, modifying the cell-free nucleic acids for preparing alibrary comprises use of an adapter. The adapter may also be referred toherein as a sequencing adapter. In some instances, the adapter aids insequencing. Generally, the adapter comprises an oligonucleotide. By wayof non-limiting example, the adapter may simplify other steps in themethods, such as amplifying, purification and sequencing because it is asequence that is universal to multiple, if not all, cell-free nucleicacids in a sample after modifying. In some instances, modifying thecell-free nucleic acids comprises ligating an adapter to the cell-freenucleic acids. Ligating may comprise blunt ligation. In some instances,modifying the cell-free nucleic acids comprises hybridizing an adapterto the nucleic acids.

The efficiency of library preparation steps (e.g., end repair, tailing,and ligation of adaptors) and amplifying may benefit from the additionof crowding agents to the sample or the amplifying reaction. Enzymaticprocesses in their natural environments (e.g., DNA replication in acell) often occur in a crowded environment. Some of these enzymaticprocesses are more efficient in a crowded environment. For example, acrowded environment may enhance the activity of DNA helicase and thesensitivity of DNA polymerase. Thus, crowding agents can be added tomimic the crowded environment. The crowding agent may be a polymer. Thecrowding agent may be a protein. The crowding agent may be apolysaccharide. Non-limiting examples of crowding agents arepolyethylene glycol, dextran and Ficoll. Concentrations that mimiccrowding in vivo are often desirable. For example, 4% (40 mg/ml) PEG 1kDa provides an approximate crowding effect found in vivo. In someinstances, the concentration of the crowding agent is about 2% to about20% w/v in the amplification reaction. In some instances, theconcentration of the crowding agent is about 2% to about 15% w/v in theamplification reaction. In some instances, the concentration of thecrowding agent is about 2% to about 10% w/v in the amplificationreaction. In some instances, the concentration of the crowding agent isabout 2% to about 8% w/v in the amplification reaction. In someinstances, the concentration of the crowding agent is about 3% to about6% w/v in the amplification reaction.

In some instances, modifying the cell-free nucleic acids for preparing alibrary comprises use of a tag. The tag may also be referred to hereinas a barcode. In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprisemodifying cell-free nucleic acids with a tag that corresponds to achromosomal region of interest. In some instances, methods disclosedherein comprise modifying cell-free nucleic acids with a tag that isspecific to a chromosomal region that is not of interest. In someinstances, methods disclosed herein comprise modifying a first portionof cell-free nucleic acids with a first tag that corresponds to at leastone chromosomal region that is of interest and a second portion ofcell-free nucleic acids with a second tag that corresponds to at leastone chromosomal region that is not of interest. In some instances,modifying the cell-free nucleic acids comprises ligating a tag to thecell-free nucleic acids. Ligating may comprise blunt ligation. In someinstances, modifying the cell-free nucleic acids comprises hybridizing atag to the nucleic acids. In some instances, the tags compriseoligonucleotides. In some instances, the tags comprise anon-oligonucleotide marker or label that can be detected by means otherthan nucleic acid analysis. By way of non-limiting example, anon-oligonucleotide marker or label could comprise a fluorescentmolecule, a nanoparticle, a dye, a peptide, or otherdetectable/quantifiable small molecule.

In some instances, modifying the cell-free nucleic acids for preparing alibrary comprises use of a sample index, also simply referred to hereinas an index. By way of non-limiting example, the index may comprise anoligonucleotide, a small molecule, a nanoparticle, a peptide, afluorescent molecule, a dye, or other detectable/quantifiable moiety. Insome instances, a first group of cell-free nucleic acids from a firstbiological sample are labeled with a first index, and a first group ofcell-free nucleic acids from a first biological sample are labeled witha second index, wherein the first index and the second index aredifferent. Thus, multiple indexes allow for distinguishing cell-freenucleic acids from multiple samples when multiple samples are analyzedat once. In some instances, methods disclose amplifying cell-freenucleic acids wherein an oligonucleotide primer used to amplify thecell-free nucleic acids comprises an index.

While DNA loss can occur at every step of DNA isolation and analysis,the highest loss typically appears at the step of library preparation.Traditional methods show losses of 80% to 90% of material. Often thisloss is compensated by a subsequent amplification step to bring theconcentration of DNA up to the necessary level required for nextgeneration sequencing, but the amplification cannot compensate for aloss of information that occurred during the prior steps. A librarysuffering a loss of 80% of initial DNA in the sample can be described asa library with a 20% efficiency or an efficiency of 0.2. In someinstances, methods disclosed herein comprise achieving a library with anefficiency of at least about 0.2, at least about 0.3, at least about0.4, at least about 0.5, at least about 0.6 or at least about 0.8. Insome instances, methods disclosed herein comprise producing a librarywith an efficiency of at least about 0.4. In some instances, methodsdisclosed herein comprise producing a library with an efficiency of atleast about 0.5. Methods that produce a library with such efficienciesmay achieve these efficiencies by using crowding agents and repairingcell-free DNA fragment ends, ligation methods, purification methods,cycling parameters and stoichiometric ratios as described herein.

Detecting Genetic Information

In general, methods disclosed herein comprise detecting a biomarker, ananalyte or a modified form thereof. In some instances, methods comprisedetecting nucleic acids. In some instances, methods comprise detectingcell-free nucleic acids. In some instances, methods comprise detecting atag of a nucleic acid. In some instances, methods comprise detecting anamplicon of a nucleic acid. Alternatively or additionally, methodscomprise detecting a non-nucleic acid component. By way of non-limitingexample, the non-nucleic acid component may be selected from a protein,a peptide, a lipid, a fatty acid, a sterol, a phospholipid, acarbohydrate, a viral component, a microbial component, and acombination thereof. In the instance of a viral component or a microbialcomponent, methods may comprise releasing, purifying, and/or amplifyinga nucleic acid from a virus or bacteria before detecting.

Detecting may comprise sequencing a nucleic acid of interest. Detectingmay comprise detecting a tag on a nucleic acid of interest. Detectingmay comprise detecting a tag on a biomarker of interest. The biomarkermay be an epigenetic modification. The biomarker may be an epigeneticprofile (plurality of epigenetic modifications). The biomarker may be anepigenetically modified nucleic acid. Detecting may comprise bisulfitesequencing. Detecting may comprise performing a chromatinimmunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Detecting may comprise sequencing atag on a biomarker of interest.

Detecting may comprise amplifying, as described herein. For example,amplifying may comprise qPCR in which a signal is generated based on thepresence or absence of a target analyte. In some instances, amplifyingcomprises PCR. In some instances, amplifying does not comprise PCR. Insome instances, amplifying comprises rolling circle amplification (RCA).In some instances, cfDNA is contacted with a DNA ligase and probesdesigned to hybridize to cfDNA. In some instances, cfDNA is firstcleaved (e.g., subjected to a restriction enzyme) to produce cfDNAfragments and the cfDNA fragments are contacted with the ligase andprobes. The ligase creates circularized cfDNA labeled with probes.Optionally a backbone oligo is used to circularize the cfDNA or cfDNAfragments. These circularized fragments are replicated by RCA to produceconcatamers. The probes can be recognized with a detectableoligonucleotide (e.g., fluorescent) and imaged.

Methods may comprise detecting a genetic mutation in a nucleic acid of abiological sample. Methods may comprise detecting a plurality of geneticmutations in a nucleic acid of a biological sample. Methods may comprisedetecting a genetic mutation in each of a plurality of nucleic acids ofa biological sample. Methods may comprise detecting a plurality ofgenetic mutations in a plurality of nucleic acids of a biologicalsample.

Methods may comprise detecting an epigenetic modification of a nucleicacid of a biological sample. In some instances, detecting the epigeneticmodification comprises performing bisulfite sequencing. In someinstances, detecting the epigenetic modification comprises performing achromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. In some instances, theepigenetic modification is a heritable alteration. In some instances,the epigenetic modification is an alteration that allows a cell toaffect transcription in response to one or more environmental stimuli.By way of non-limiting example, the epigenetic modification may be amethylation of a cytosine or adenine residue. In some instances, theepigenetic modification is an absence of a methyl group. Typicallymethylations promote silencing of a gene. Epigenetic modifications alsoinclude acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination and phosphorylation ofhistones. The epigenetic modification may promote, inhibit, prevent orreduce a biological process (e.g., an immune response, cellularproliferation). Methods may comprise detecting a plurality of epigeneticmodifications of a nucleic acid of a biological sample. Methods maycomprise detecting an epigenetic modification of each of a plurality ofnucleic acids of a biological sample. Methods may comprise detecting anepigenetic modification of a plurality of nucleic acids of a biologicalsample. Methods may comprise performing a genome wide analysis ofepigenetic modifications to identify differentially methylated regionsbetween a test sample and a control/reference sample.

Methods may comprise detecting one or more epigenetic modifications thatis specific to a tissue. For instances, tissues have distinctmethylation profiles that can be used to track the origin of cell-freenucleic acids. This may be useful in determining where a cell-freenucleic acid originated. By way of non-limiting example, the epigeneticmodification may be specific to the brain and a cell-free nucleic acidbearing that epigenetic modification may be indicative of aneurodegenerative disease or a brain tumor. Methods may further comprisetesting, biopsying, imaging, or treating a tissue if such a cell-freenucleic acid is detected. Methods may comprise detecting one or moreepigenetic modifications that is specific to only two tissues. Methodsmay comprise detecting one or more epigenetic modifications that isspecific to fewer than three tissues. Methods may comprise detecting oneor more epigenetic modifications that is specific to fewer than fivetissues.

Methods may comprise detecting a detectable label or detectable signalof a nucleic acid or non-nucleic acid component. Methods may comprisedetecting a detectable label or detectable signal of a binding moiety(e.g., small molecule, peptide, aptamer, antibody, or antigen bindingfragment thereof) that binds the nucleic acid or non-nucleic acidcomponent. By way of non-limiting example, the detectable label orsignal may be a fluorescent molecule, a bioluminescent molecule, aluminescent molecule, a radioactive signal, a magnetic signal, anelectric signal, or a dye. For example, methods may comprise detectingan interaction between the binding moiety and a protein of interest. Byway of non-limiting example, detecting may comprise performing IPCR orPLA.

Detecting may comprise viewing an interface of a device or systemdisclosed herein where the result of a test is displayed. See, e.g.,FIG. 4 and FIGS. 5A-E. Detecting may comprise viewing a color appearanceor fluorescent signal on a lateral flow device. Detecting may comprisereceiving a result of a test on a device disclosed herein. Detecting maycomprise receiving a result of a test on a mobile device, computer,notepad or other electronic device in communication with a device ofsystem disclosed herein.

Generally, the methods, kits, systems and devices disclosed herein arecapable of providing genetic information in a short amount of time. Insome instances, methods disclosed herein can be performed in less thanabout 1 minute. In some instances, methods disclosed herein can beperformed in less than about 2 minutes. In some instances, methodsdisclosed herein can be performed in less than about 5 minutes. In someinstances, methods disclosed herein can be performed in less than about10 minutes. In some instances, methods disclosed herein can be performedin less than about 15 minutes. In some instances, methods disclosedherein can be performed in less than about 20 minutes. In someinstances, methods disclosed herein can be performed in less than about30 minutes. In some instances, methods disclosed herein can be performedin less than about 45 minutes. In some instances, methods disclosedherein can be performed in less than about 60 minutes. In someinstances, methods disclosed herein can be performed in less than about90 minutes. In some instances, methods disclosed herein can be performedin less than about 2 hours. In some instances, methods disclosed hereincan be performed in less than about 3 hours. In some instances, methodsdisclosed herein can be performed in less than about 4 hours.

In some instances, methods disclosed herein require minimal technicaltraining. In some instances, methods disclosed herein do not require anytechnical training. In some instances, methods disclosed herein requireonly that an individual practicing the methods disclosed herein follow asimple protocol of transferring and mixing samples and solutions. Forinstance, methods disclosed herein may be used by the pregnant subjectin her home without the assistance of a technician or medical provider.In some instances, methods disclosed herein can be performed by a userwith no medical training or technical training. In some instances,methods, kits, systems and devices disclosed herein simply require thata user add a biological sample to the system or device and view a resultto obtain genetic information.

Methods may comprise detecting the presence of a disease or conditionbased on the detecting. Methods may comprise detecting the risk of adisease or condition based on the detecting. Methods may comprisedetecting the status of a disease or condition based on the detecting.Methods may comprise monitoring the status of a disease or conditionbased on the detecting. Methods may comprise administering a therapybased on the detecting. Methods may comprise modifying the dose of adrug that is being administered to the subject based on the detecting.Methods may comprise monitoring the response of a subject to a therapybased on the detecting. For example, the disease may be a cancer and thetherapy may be a chemotherapy. Other cancer therapies include, but arenot limited to antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, antisensemolecules, engineered T cells, and radiation. Methods may comprisefurther testing a subject based on the detecting. For example, thedisease may be cancer and further testing may include, but is notlimited to imaging (e.g., CAT-SCAN, PET-SCAN), and performing a biopsy.

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise detecting thatthere is a fetal aneuploidy of at least one target chromosome. In someinstances, methods disclosed herein comprise detecting that there is afetal aneuploidy of the at least one target chromosome when a quantityof sequencing reads is detected in a sample disclosed herein. In someinstances, the quantity of sequencing reads corresponds to sequencesfrom a chromosome or chromosome region that is known to presentaneuploidy in the human population, as described herein.

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise detecting thatthere is a fetal aneuploidy of the at least one target chromosome when aratio of sequencing reads corresponding to the at least one targetchromosome to sequencing reads corresponding to the at least onenon-target chromosome is different from a respective ratio in a controlbiological sample from a control pregnant subject with a euploid fetus.In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise detecting thatthere is a fetal aneuploidy of the at least one target chromosomebecause a ratio of sequencing reads corresponding to the at least onetarget chromosome to sequencing reads corresponding to the at least onenon-target chromosome is different from a respective ratio in a controlbiological sample from a control pregnant subject with a euploid fetus.In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise detecting thatthere is not a fetal aneuploidy of the at least one target chromosomebecause a ratio of sequencing reads corresponding to the at least onetarget chromosome to sequencing reads corresponding to the at least onenon-target chromosome is not different from a respective ratio in acontrol biological sample from a control pregnant subject with a euploidfetus.

In some instances, the sequencing reads corresponding to the at leastone target chromosome comprises sequencing reads corresponding to achromosome region of the at least one target chromosome. In someinstances, the sequencing reads corresponding to the at least onenon-target chromosome comprises sequencing reads corresponding to achromosome region of the non-target chromosome. In some instances, thechromosome region is at least about 10 base pairs in length. In someinstances, the chromosome region is at least about 20 base pairs inlength. In some instances, the chromosome region is at least about 50base pairs in length.

In some instances, the at least one target chromosome is at least one ofchromosome 13, chromosome 16, chromosome 18, chromosome 21, chromosome22, chromosome X, or chromosome Y. In some instances, the at least onetarget chromosome is at least one of chromosome 13, chromosome 18, andchromosome 21. In some instances, the at least one target chromosome isat least one of chromosome 13, chromosome 18, chromosome 21, andchromosome X. In some instances, the at least one target chromosome isat least one of chromosome 13, chromosome 18, chromosome 21, andchromosome Y. In some instances, the at least one target chromosome isat least one of chromosome 13, chromosome 18, chromosome 21, chromosomeX, and chromosome Y. In some instances, the at least one targetchromosome is chromosome 13. In some instances, the at least one targetchromosome is chromosome 16. In some instances, the at least one targetchromosome is chromosome 18. In some instances, the at least one targetchromosome is chromosome 21. In some instances, the target chromosome ischromosome 22. In some instances, the at least one target chromosome isa sex chromosome. In some instances, the at least one target chromosomeis chromosome X. In some instances, the at least one target chromosomeis chromosome Y.

In some instances, the at least one non-target chromosome is at leastone of a chromosome other than chromosome 13, chromosome 16, chromosome18, chromosome 21, chromosome 22, chromosome X, or chromosome Y. In someinstances, the at least one non-target chromosome is not chromosome 13,chromosome 16, chromosome 18, chromosome 21, chromosome 22, chromosomeX, or chromosome Y. In some instances, the at least one non-targetchromosome is selected from chromosome 1, chromosome 2, chromosome 3,chromosome 4, chromosome 5, chromosome 6, chromosome 7, chromosome 8,chromosome 9, chromosome 10, chromosome 11, chromosome 12, chromosome14, chromosome 15, chromosome 17, chromosome 19, and chromosome 20. Insome instances, the non-target chromosome is chromosome 1. In someinstances, the at least one non-target chromosome is chromosome 2. Insome instances, the at least one non-target chromosome is chromosome 3.In some instances, the non-target chromosome is chromosome 4. In someinstances, the at least one non-target chromosome is chromosome 5. Insome instances, the at least one non-target chromosome is chromosome 6.In some instances, the at least one non-target chromosome is chromosome7. In some instances, the at least one non-target chromosome ischromosome 8. In some instances, the at least one non-target chromosomeis chromosome 9. In some instances, the at least one non-targetchromosome is chromosome 10. In some instances, the at least onenon-target chromosome is chromosome 11. In some instances, the at leastone non-target chromosome is chromosome 12. In some instances, the atleast one non-target chromosome is chromosome 14. In some instances, theat least one non-target chromosome is chromosome 15. In some instances,the at least one non-target chromosome is chromosome 17. In someinstances, the at least one non-target chromosome is chromosome 19. Insome instances, the at least one non-target chromosome is chromosome 20.

In some instances, the at least one target chromosome is chromosome 13,and the at least one non-target chromosome is a chromosome other thanchromosome 13. In some instances, the at least one target chromosome ischromosome 16, and the at least one non-target chromosome is achromosome other than chromosome 16. In some instances, the at least onetarget chromosome is chromosome 18, and the at least one non-targetchromosome is a chromosome other than chromosome 18. In some instances,the at least one target chromosome is chromosome 21, and the at leastone non-target chromosome is a chromosome other than chromosome 21. Insome instances, the at least one target chromosome is chromosome 22, andthe at least one non-target chromosome is a chromosome other thanchromosome 22. In some instances, the at least one target chromosome ischromosome X, and the at least one non-target chromosome is a chromosomeother than chromosome X. In some instances, the at least one targetchromosome is chromosome Y, and the at least one non-target chromosomeis a chromosome other than chromosome Y.

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise detecting that thefetus of the pregnant subject has a genetic abnormality. In someinstances, the genetic abnormality is due to insertion of at least onenucleotide in a target chromosomal region. In some instances, thegenetic abnormality is due to deletion of at least one nucleotide in atarget chromosomal region. In some instances, the genetic abnormality isdue to translocation of nucleotide between a first target chromosomalregion and a second chromosomal target region. Generally, the firsttarget chromosomal region and a second chromosomal target region arelocated on different chromosomes.

In some instances, the target chromosomal region is defined by a minimallength. In some instances, the target chromosomal region is at leastabout 50 base pairs in length. In some instances, the target chromosomalregion is at least about 100 base pairs in length. In some instances,the target chromosomal region is at least about 200 base pairs inlength. In some instances, the target chromosomal region is at leastabout 300 base pairs in length. In some instances, the targetchromosomal region is at least about 500 base pairs in length. In someinstances, the target chromosomal region is at least about 1000 basepairs in length.

In some instances, the target chromosomal region is defined by a maximumlength. In some instances, the target chromosomal region is as long asabout 100,000 base pairs. In some instances, the target chromosomalregion is as long as about 500,000 base pairs. In some instances, thetarget chromosomal region is as long as about 1,000,000 base pairs. Insome instances, the target chromosomal region is as long as about10,000,000 base pairs. In some instances, the target chromosomal regionis as long as about 100,000,000 base pairs. In some instances, thetarget chromosomal region is as long as about 200,000,000 base pairs.

In some instances, the genetic abnormality is a copy number variation.In some instances, the copy number variation comprises a deletion of agene on at least one chromosome. In some instances, the copy numbervariation comprises a duplication of a gene on at least one chromosome.In some instances, the copy number variation comprises a triplication ofa gene on at least one chromosome. In some instances, the copy numbervariation comprises more than three copies of the gene. In someinstances, the copy number variation comprises a duplication of anon-protein coding sequence on at least one chromosome. In someinstances, the copy number variation comprises a triplication of anon-coding region on at least one chromosome. In some instances, thecopy number variation comprises a duplication of a non-coding region onat least one chromosome.

In some instances, the genetic abnormality results in at least about0.001% of a chromosomal arm being duplicated. In some instances, thegenetic abnormality results in at least about 0.01% of a chromosomal armbeing duplicated. In some instances, the genetic abnormality results inat least about 0.1% of a chromosomal arm being duplicated. In someinstances, the genetic abnormality results in at least about 1% of achromosomal arm being duplicated. In some instances, the geneticabnormality results in at least about 10% of a chromosomal arm beingduplicated. In some instances, at least about 20% of a chromosomal armis duplicated. In some instances, at least about 30% of a chromosomalarm is duplicated. In some instances, at least about 50% of achromosomal arm is duplicated. In some instances, at least about 70% ofa chromosomal arm is duplicated. In some instances, at least about 90%of a chromosomal arm is duplicated. In some instances, an entirechromosomal arm is duplicated.

In some instances, the genetic abnormality results in at least about0.001% of a chromosomal arm being deleted. In some instances, thegenetic abnormality results in at least about 0.01% of a chromosomal armbeing deleted. In some instances, the genetic abnormality results in atleast about 0.1% of a chromosomal arm being deleted. In some instances,the genetic abnormality results in at least about 1% of a chromosomalarm being deleted. In some instances, the genetic abnormality results inat least about 10% of a chromosomal arm being deleted. In someinstances, at least about 20% of a chromosomal arm is deleted. In someinstances, at least about 30% of a chromosomal arm is deleted. In someinstances, at least about 50% of a chromosomal arm is deleted. In someinstances, at least about 70% of a chromosomal arm is deleted. In someinstances, at least about 90% of a chromosomal arm is deleted. In someinstances, an entire chromosomal arm is deleted.

In some instances, methods comprise detecting that the fetus has agenetic abnormality when a quantity of sequencing reads corresponding tothe target chromosomal region are detected, wherein the quantity isindicative of the genetic abnormality.

In some instances methods disclosed herein comprise sequencing nucleicacids. In some instances, the nucleic acids are cell-free nucleic acids.In some instances, the nucleic acids comprise cell-free fetal nucleicacids. In some instances, the nucleic acids are cell-free fetal nucleicacids. In some instances methods disclosed herein comprise producing atleast a minimum amount of sequencing reads. In some instances, theminimum amount of sequencing reads is about 100. In some instances, theminimum amount of sequencing reads is about 1000. In some instances, theminimum amount of sequencing reads is about 2000. In some instances, theminimum amount of sequencing reads is about 3000. In some instances, theminimum amount of sequencing reads is about 4000. In some instances, theminimum amount of sequencing reads is about 5000. In some instances, theminimum amount of sequencing reads is about 6000. In some instances, theminimum amount of sequencing reads is about 7000. In some instances, theminimum amount of sequencing reads is about 8000. In some instances, theminimum amount of sequencing reads is about 9000. In some instances, theminimum amount of sequencing reads is about 10,000.

In some instances, methods comprise detecting that the fetus has agenetic abnormality when a ratio of (1) sequencing reads correspondingto the target chromosomal region to (2) sequencing reads correspondingto the at least one non-target chromosomal region is different from arespective ratio in a control biological sample from a control pregnantsubject with a fetus not having the genetic abnormality. In someinstances, methods comprise detecting that the fetus has a geneticabnormality because a ratio of (1) sequencing reads corresponding to thetarget chromosomal region to (2) sequencing reads corresponding to theat least one non-target chromosomal region is different from arespective ratio in a control biological sample from a control pregnantsubject with a fetus not having the genetic abnormality. In someinstances, methods comprise detecting that the fetus does not have agenetic abnormality when a ratio of (1) sequencing reads correspondingto the target chromosomal region to (2) sequencing reads correspondingto the at least one non-target chromosomal region is not different froma respective ratio in a control biological sample from a controlpregnant subject with a fetus not having the genetic abnormality. Insome instances the chromosomal region and the non-target chromosomalregion are on the same chromosome. In some instances the chromosomalregion and the non-target chromosomal region are on differentchromosomes.

In some instances, genetic information is detected with a certain degreeof accuracy. Non-limiting examples of genetic information include fetalaneuploidy, genetic abnormality, presence/quantity of tumor DNA, andpresence/quantity of transplanted organ/tissue DNA. In some instances,genetic information is detected with at least about 95% accuracy. Insome instances, genetic information is detected with at least about 96%accuracy. In some instances, genetic information is detected with atleast about 97% accuracy. In some instances, genetic information isdetected with at least about 98% accuracy. In some instances, geneticinformation is detected with at least about 99% accuracy. In someinstances, genetic information is detected with at least about 99.5%accuracy. In some instances, genetic information is detected with atleast about 99.9% accuracy. In some instances, genetic information isdetected with at least about 99.99% accuracy.

Reads from each chromosome are roughly represented according to thelength of the chromosome. Most reads are obtained from chromosome 1,while the fewest reads from an autosome will originate from chromosome21. A common method for detecting a trisomic sample is to measure thepercentage of reads originating from a chromosome in a population ofeuploid samples. Next, a mean and a standard deviation for this set ofchromosome percentage values are calculated. A cutoff value isdetermined by adding three standard deviations to the mean. If a newsample has a chromosome percentage value above the cutoff value, anoverrepresentation of that chromosome can be assumed, which is oftenconsistent with a trisomy of the chromosome. A prophetic example ofdetecting an over presentation of a chromosome is presented in Example13.

In some instances, fetal aneuploidy is detected when the ratio of (1)sequencing reads corresponding to the at least one target chromosome to(2) sequencing reads corresponding to the at least one non-targetchromosome differs from a respective ratio in a control biologicalsample from a control pregnant subject with a euploid fetus by at leastabout 0.1%. In some instances, the ratios differ by at least 1%.

In some instances, the control pregnant subject is a euploid pregnantsubject. In some instances the control is a mean or median value from agroup of pregnant subjects. In some instances the control is a mean ormedian value from a pool of plasma samples from pregnant subjects. Insome instances, the control is a similarly obtained value from anartificial mixture of nucleic acids mimicking a pregnant subject with aeuploid fetus. In some instances, the control pregnant subject is aeuploid pregnant subject carrying a fetus with a euploid chromosome set.In some instances, the control pregnant subject does not have a geneticabnormality, e.g., copy number variation. In some instances, the fetuscarried by the control pregnant subject does not have a geneticabnormality, e.g., copy number variation. In some instances, the controlpregnant subject does not have a genetic abnormality in a targetchromosome disclosed herein. In some instances, the fetus carried by thecontrol pregnant subject does not have a genetic abnormality in a targetchromosome disclosed herein. In some instances, at least one of thecontrol pregnant subject and her fetus has an aneuploidy. In someinstances, at least one of the control pregnant subject and her fetushas a genetic abnormality disclosed herein. In some instances, at leastone of the control pregnant subject and her fetus has a geneticabnormality in a target chromosome disclosed herein. In some instances,methods disclosed herein comprise use of a respective ratio in a controlbiological sample from a control pregnant population. In some instances,the respective ratio is from a respective mean ratio in the controlpregnant population. In some instances, the respective ratio is from arespective median ratio in the control pregnant population.

In some instances, methods disclosed herein employ the followingdevices, systems and kits.

II. Devices, Systems and Kits

In some aspects disclosed herein are devices, systems and kits forobtaining genetic information from a biological sample. As describedherein, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein allow a user tocollect and test a biological sample at a location of choice to detectthe presence and/or quantity of a target analyte in the sample. In someinstances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein are used in theforegoing methods. In some instances, devices, systems and kitsdisclosed herein comprise a sample purifier that removes at least onecomponent (e.g., cell, cell fragment, protein) from a biological sampleof a subject; a nucleic acid sequencer for sequencing at least onenucleic acid in the biological sample; and a nucleic acid sequenceoutput for relaying sequence information to a user of the device, systemor kit.

In general, devices, systems, and kits of the present disclosure,integrate multiple functions, e.g., purification, amplification, anddetection of the target analyte (e.g., including amplification productsthereof), and combinations thereof. In some instances, the multiplefunctions are carried out within a single assay assembly unit or asingle device. In some instances, all of the functions occur outside ofthe single unit or device. In some instances, at least one of thefunctions occurs outside of the single unit or device. In someinstances, only one of the functions occurs outside of the single unitor device. In some instances, the sample purifier, nucleic acidamplification reagent, oligonucleotide, and detection reagent orcomponent are housed in a single device. In general, devices, systems,and kits of the present disclosure comprise a display, a connection to adisplay, or a communication to a display for relaying information aboutthe biological sample to one or more people.

In some instances, devices, systems and kits comprise an additionalcomponent disclosed herein. Non-limiting examples of an additionalcomponent include a sample transportation compartment, a sample storagecompartment, a sample and/or reagent receptacle, a temperatureindicator, an electronic port, a communication connection, acommunication device, a sample collection device, and a housing unit. Insome instances, the additional component is integrated with the device.In some instances, the additional component is not integrated with thedevice. In some instances, the additional component is housed with thesample purifier, nucleic acid amplification reagent, oligonucleotide,and detection reagent or component in a single device. In someinstances, the additional component is not housed within the singledevice.

In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein comprisecomponents to obtain a sample, extract cell-free nucleic acids, andpurify cell-free nucleic acids. In some instances, devices, systems andkits disclosed herein comprise components to obtain a sample, extractcell-free nucleic acids, purify cell-free nucleic acids, and prepare alibrary of the cell-free nucleic acids. In some instances, devices,systems and kits disclosed herein comprise components to obtain asample, extract cell-free nucleic acids, purify cell-free nucleic acids,and sequence cell-free nucleic acids. In some instances, devices,systems and kits disclosed herein comprise components to obtain asample, extract cell-free nucleic acids, purify cell-free nucleic acids,prepare a library of the cell-free nucleic acids, and sequence thecell-free nucleic acids. By way of non-limiting example, components forobtaining a sample are a transdermal puncture device and a filter forobtaining plasma from blood. Also, by way of non-limiting example,components for extracting and purifying cell-free nucleic acids comprisebuffers, beads and magnets. Buffers, beads and magnets may be suppliedat volumes appropriate for receiving a general sample volume from afinger prick (e.g., 50-150 μl of blood).

In some instances, devices, systems and kits comprise a receptacle forreceiving the biological sample. The receptacle may be configured tohold a volume of a biological sample between 1 μl and 1 ml. Thereceptacle may be configured to hold a volume of a biological samplebetween 1 μl and 500 μl. The receptacle may be configured to hold avolume of a biological sample between 1 μl and 200 μl. The receptaclemay have a defined volume that is the same as a suitable volume ofsample for processing and analysis by the rest of the device/systemcomponents. This would preclude the need for a user of the device,system or kit to measure out a specified volume of the sample. The userwould only need to fill the receptacle and thereby be assured that theappropriate volume of sample had been delivered to the device/system. Insome instances, devices, systems and kits do not comprise a receptaclefor receiving the biological sample. In some instances, the samplepurifier receives the biological sample directly. Similar to thedescription above for the receptacle, the sample purifier may have adefined volume that is suitable for processing and analysis by the restof the device/system components. In general, devices, systems, and kitsdisclosed herein are intended to be used entirely at point of care.However, in some instances, the user may want to preserve or send theanalyzed sample to another location (e.g., lab, clinic) for additionalanalysis or confirmation of results obtained at point of care. By way ofnon-limiting example, the device/system may separate plasma from blood.The plasma may be analyzed at point of care and the cells from the bloodshipped to another location for analysis. In some instances, devices,systems and kits comprise a transport compartment or storage compartmentfor these purposes. The transport compartment or storage compartment maybe capable of containing a biological sample, a component thereof, or aportion thereof. The transport compartment or storage compartment may becapable of containing the biological sample, portion thereof, orcomponent thereof, during transit to a site remote to the immediateuser. The transport compartment or storage compartment may be capable ofcontaining cells that are removed from a biological sample, so that thecells can be sent to a site remote to the immediate user for testing.Non-limiting examples of a site remote to the immediate user may be alaboratory or a clinic when the immediate user is at home. In someinstances, the home does not have a machine or additional device toperform an additional analysis of the biological sample. The transportcompartment or storage compartment may be capable of containing aproduct of a reaction or process that result from adding the biologicalsample to the device. In some instances, the product of the reaction orprocess is a nucleic acid amplification product or a reversetranscription product. In some instances, the product of the reaction orprocess is a biological sample component bound to a binding moietydescribed herein. The biological sample component may comprise a nucleicacid, a cell fragment, an extracellular vesicle, a protein, a peptide, asterol, a lipid, a vitamin, or glucose, any of which may be analyzed ata remote location to the user. In some instances, the transportcompartment or storage compartment comprises an absorption pad, a paper,a glass container, a plastic container, a polymer matrix, a liquidsolution, a gel, a preservative, or a combination thereof. An absorptionpad or a paper may be useful for stabilizing and transporting a driedbiological fluid with a protein or other biomarker for screening.

In some instances, devices and systems disclosed herein provide foranalysis of cell-free nucleic acids (e.g., circulating RNA and/or DNA)and non-nucleic acid components of a sample. Analysis of both cell-freenucleic acids and non-nucleic acid components may both occur at a pointof need. In some instances, systems and devices provide an analysis ofcell-free nucleic acids at a point of need and preservation of at leasta portion or component of the sample for analysis of non-nucleic acidcomponents at a site remote from the point of need. In some instances,systems and devices provide an analysis of non-nucleic acid componentsat a point of need and preservation of at least a portion or componentof the sample for analysis of cell-free nucleic acids at a site remotefrom the point of need. These devices and systems may be useful forcarrier testing and detecting inherited diseases, such as thosedisclosed herein.

In some instances, the transport compartment or storage compartmentcomprises a preservative. The preservative may also be referred toherein as a stabilizer or biological stabilizer. In some instances, thedevice, system or kit comprises a preservative that reduces enzymaticactivity during storage and/or transportation. In some instances, thepreservative is a whole blood preservative. Non-limiting examples ofwhole blood preservatives, or components thereof, are glucose, adenine,citric acid, trisodium citrate, dextrose, sodium di-phosphate, andmonobasic sodium phosphate. In some instances, the preservativecomprises EDTA. EDTA may reduce enzymatic activity that would otherwisedegrade nucleic acids. In some instances, the preservative comprisesformaldehyde. In some instances, the preservative is a known derivativeof formaldehyde. Formaldehyde, or a derivative thereof, may cross linkproteins and therefore stabilize cells and prevent cell lysis.

Generally, devices and systems disclosed herein are portable for asingle person. In some instances, devices and systems are handheld. Insome instances, devices and systems have a maximum length, maximum widthor maximum height. In some instances, devices and systems are housed ina single unit having a maximum length, maximum width or maximum height.In some instances the maximum length is not greater than 12 inches. Insome instances the maximum length is not greater than 10 inches. In someinstances the maximum length is not greater than 8 inches. In someinstances the maximum length is not greater than 6 inches. In someinstances the maximum width is not greater than 12 inches. In someinstances the maximum width is not greater than 10 inches. In someinstances the maximum width is not greater than 8 inches. In someinstances the maximum width is not greater than 6 inches. In someinstances the maximum width is not greater than 4 inches. In someinstances the maximum height is not greater than 12 inches. In someinstances the maximum height is not greater than 10 inches. In someinstances the maximum height is not greater than 8 inches. In someinstances the maximum height is not greater than 6 inches. In someinstances the maximum height is not greater than 4 inches. In someinstances the maximum height is not greater than 2 inches. In someinstances the maximum height is not greater than 1 inch.

Sample Collection

In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein comprise asample collector. In some instances, the sample collector is providedseparately from the rest of the device, system or kit. In someinstances, the sample collector is physically integrated with thedevice, system or kit, or a component thereof. In some instances, thesample collector is integrated with a receptacle described herein. Insome instances, the sample collector may be a cup, tube, capillary, orwell for applying the biological fluid. In some instances, the samplecollector may be a cup for applying urine. In some instances, the samplecollector may comprise a pipet for applying urine in the cup to thedevice, system or kit. In some instances, the sample collector may be acapillary integrated with a device disclosed herein for applying blood.In some instances, the sample collector may be tube, well, pad or paperintegrated with a device disclosed herein for applying saliva. In someinstances, the sample collector may be pad or paper for applying sweat.

In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein comprise atransdermal puncture device. Non-limiting examples of transdermalpuncture devices are needles and lancets. In some instances, the samplecollector comprises the transdermal puncture device. In some instances,devices, systems and kits disclosed herein comprise a microneedle,microneedle array or microneedle patch. In some instances, devices,systems and kits disclosed herein comprise a hollow microneedle. By wayof non-limiting example, the transdermal puncture device is integratedwith a well or capillary so that as the subject punctures their finger,blood is released into the well or capillary where it will be availableto the system or device for analysis of its components. In someinstances, the transdermal puncture device is a push button device witha needle or lancet in a concave surface. In some instances, the needleis a microneedle. In some instances, the transdermal puncture devicecomprises an array of microneedles. By pressing an actuator, button orlocation on the non-needle side of the concave surface, the needlepunctures the skin of the subject in a more controlled manner than alancet. Furthermore, the push button device may comprise a vacuum sourceor plunger to help draw blood from the puncture site.

Sample Processing and Purification

Disclosed herein are devices, systems and kits that comprise a sampleprocessor, wherein the sample processor modifies a biological sample toremove a component of the sample or separate the sample into multiplefractions (e.g., blood cell fraction and plasma or serum). The sampleprocessor may comprise a sample purifier, wherein the sample purifier isconfigured to remove an unwanted substance or non-target component of abiological sample, thereby modifying the sample. Depending on the sourceof the biological sample, unwanted substances can include, but are notlimited to, proteins (e.g., antibodies, hormones, enzymes, serumalbumin, lipoproteins), free amino acids and other metabolites,microvesicles, nucleic acids, lipids, electrolytes, urea, urobilin,pharmaceutical drugs, mucous, bacteria, and other microorganisms, andcombinations thereof. In some instances, the sample purifier separatescomponents of a biological sample disclosed herein. In some instances,sample purifiers disclosed herein remove components of a sample thatwould inhibit, interfere with or otherwise be detrimental to the laterprocess steps such as nucleic acid amplification or detection. In someinstances, the resulting modified sample is enriched for targetanalytes. This can be considered indirect enrichment of target analytes.Alternatively or additionally, target analytes may be captured directly,which is considered direct enrichment of target analytes.

In some instances, the sample purifier comprises a separation materialfor removing unwanted substances other than patient cells from thebiological sample. Useful separation materials may include specificbinding moieties that bind to or associate with the substance. Bindingcan be covalent or noncovalent. Any suitable binding moiety known in theart for removing a particular substance can be used. For example,antibodies and fragments thereof are commonly used for protein removalfrom samples. In some instances, a sample purifier disclosed hereincomprises a binding moiety that binds a nucleic acid, protein, cellsurface marker, or microvesicle surface marker in the biological sample.In some instances, the binding moiety comprises an antibody, antigenbinding antibody fragment, a ligand, a receptor, a peptide, a smallmolecule, or a combination thereof.

In some instances, sample purifiers disclosed herein comprise a filter.In some instances, sample purifiers disclosed herein comprise amembrane. Generally the filter or membrane is capable of separating orremoving cells, cell particles, cell fragments, blood components otherthan cell-free nucleic acids, or a combination thereof, from thebiological samples disclosed herein.

In some instances, the sample purifier facilitates separation of plasmaor serum from cellular components of a blood sample. In some instances,the sample purifier facilitates separation of plasma or serum fromcellular components of a blood sample before starting a molecularamplification reaction or a sequencing reaction. Plasma or serumseparation can be achieved by several different methods such ascentrifugation, sedimentation or filtration. In some instances, thesample purifier comprises a filter matrix for receiving whole blood, thefilter matrix having a pore size that is prohibitive for cells to passthrough, while plasma or serum can pass through the filter matrixuninhibited. In some instances, the filter matrix combines a large poresize at the top with a small pore size at the bottom of the filter,which leads to very gentle treatment of the cells preventing celldegradation or lysis, during the filtration process. This isadvantageous because cell degradation or lysis would result in releaseof nucleic acids from blood cells or maternal cells that wouldcontaminate target cell-free nucleic acids. Non-limiting examples ofsuch filters include Pall Vivid™ GR membrane, Munktell Ahlstrom filterpaper (see, e.g., WO2017017314), TeraPore filters.

In some instances devices, systems, and kits disclosed herein employvertical filtration, driven by capillary force to separate a componentor fraction from a sample (e.g., plasma from blood). By way ofnon-limiting example, vertical filtration may comprise gravitationassisted plasma separation. A high-efficiency superhydrophobic plasmaseparator is described, e.g., by Liu et al., A High EfficiencySuperhydrophobic Plasma Separation, Lab Chip 2015.

The sample purifier may comprise a lateral filter (e.g., sample does notmove in a gravitational direction or the sample moves perpendicular to agravitational direction). The sample purifier may comprise a verticalfilter (e.g., sample moves in a gravitational direction). The samplepurifier may comprise vertical filter and a lateral filter. The samplepurifier may be configured to receive a sample or portion thereof with avertical filter, followed by a lateral filter. The sample purifier maybe configured to receive a sample or portion thereof with a lateralfilter, followed by a vertical filter. In some instances, a verticalfilter comprises a filter matrix. In some instances, the filter matrixof the vertical filter comprises a pore with a pore size that isprohibitive for cells to pass through, while plasma can pass the filtermatrix uninhibited. In some instances, the filter matrix comprises amembrane that is especially suited for this application because itcombines a large pore size at the top with a small pore size at thebottom of the filter, which leads to very gentle treatment of the cellspreventing cell degradation during the filtration process.

In some instances, the sample purifier comprises an appropriateseparation material, e.g., a filter or membrane, that removes unwantedsubstances from a biological sample without removing cell-free nucleicacids. In some instances, the separation material separates substancesin the biological sample based on size, for example, the separationmaterial has a pore size that excludes a cell but is permeable tocell-free nucleic acids. Therefore, when the biological sample is blood,the plasma or serum can move more rapidly than a blood cell through theseparation material in the sample purifier, and the plasma or serumcontaining any cell-free nucleic acids permeates the holes of theseparation material. In some instances, the biological sample is blood,and the cell that is slowed and/or trapped in the separation material isa red blood cell, a white blood cell, or a platelet. In some instances,the cell is from a tissue that contacted the biological sample in thebody, including, but not limited to, a bladder or urinary tractepithelial cell (in urine), or a buccal cell (in saliva). In someinstances, the cell is a bacterium or other microorganism.

In some instances, the sample purifier is capable of slowing and/ortrapping a cell without damaging the cell, thereby avoiding the releaseof cell contents including cellular nucleic acids and other proteins orcell fragments that could interfere with subsequent evaluation of thecell-free nucleic acids. This can be accomplished, for example, by agradual, progressive reduction in pore size along the path of a lateralflow strip or other suitable assay format, to allow gentle slowing ofcell movement, and thereby minimize the force on the cell. In someinstances, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or up to 100% ofthe cells in a biological sample remain intact when trapped in theseparation material. In addition to or independently of size separation,the separation material can trap or separate unwanted substances basedon a cell property other than size, for example, the separation materialcan comprise a binding moiety that binds to a cell surface marker. Insome instances, the binding moiety is an antibody or antigen bindingantibody fragment. In some instances, the binding moiety is a ligand orreceptor binding protein for a receptor on a blood cell or microvesicle.

In some instances, systems and devices disclosed herein comprise aseparation material that moves, draws, pushes, or pulls the biologicalsample through the sample purifier, filter and/or membrane. In someinstances, the material is a wicking material. Examples of appropriateseparation materials used in the sample purifier to remove cellsinclude, but are not limited to, polyvinylidene difluoride,polytetrafluoroethylene, acetylcellulose, nitrocellulose, polycarbonate,polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polypropylene, glass fiber,borosilicate, vinyl chloride, silver. Suitable separation materials maybe characterized as preventing passage of cells. In some instances, theseparation material is not limited as long as it has a property that canprevent passage of the red blood cells. In some instances, theseparation material is a hydrophobic filter, for example a glass fiberfilter, a composite filter, for example Cytosep (e.g., AhlstromFiltration or Pall Specialty Materials, Port Washington, N.Y.), or ahydrophilic filter, for example cellulose (e.g., Pall SpecialtyMaterials). In some instances, whole blood can be fractionated into redblood cells, white blood cells and serum components for furtherprocessing according to the methods of the present disclosure using acommercially available kit (e.g., Arrayit Blood Card Serum IsolationKit, Cat. ABCS, Arrayit Corporation, Sunnyvale, Calif.).

In some instances the sample purifier comprises at least one filter orat least one membrane characterized by at least one pore size. In someinstances, the sample purifier comprises multiple filters and/ormembranes, wherein the pore size of at least a first filter or membranediffers from a second filter or membrane. In some instances, at leastone pore size of at least one filter/membrane is about 0.05 microns toabout 10 microns. In some instances, the pore size is about 0.05 micronsto about 8 microns. In some instances, the pore size is about 0.05microns to about 6 microns. In some instances, the pore size is about0.05 microns to about 4 microns. In some instances, the pore size isabout 0.05 microns to about 2 microns. In some instances, the pore sizeis about 0.05 microns to about 1 micron. In some instances, at least onepore size of at least one filter/membrane is about 0.1 microns to about10 microns. In some instances, the pore size is about 0.1 microns toabout 8 microns. In some instances, the pore size is about 0.1 micronsto about 6 microns. In some instances, the pore size is about 0.1microns to about 4 microns. In some instances, the pore size is about0.1 microns to about 2 microns. In some instances, the pore size isabout 0.1 microns to about 1 micron.

In some instances, the sample purifier is characterized as a gentlesample purifier. Gentle sample purifiers, such as those comprising afilter matrix, a vertical filter, a wicking material, or a membrane withpores that do not allow passage of cells, are particularly useful foranalyzing cell-free nucleic acids. For example, prenatal applications ofcell-free fetal nucleic acids in maternal blood are presented with theadditional challenge of analyzing cell-free fetal nucleic acids in thepresence of cell-free maternal nucleic acids, the latter of which createa large background signal to the former. By way of non-limiting example,a sample of maternal blood may contain about 500 to 750 genomeequivalents of total cell-free DNA (maternal and fetal) per milliliterof whole blood when the sample is obtained without cell lysis or othercell disruption caused by the sample collection method. The fetalfraction in blood sampled from pregnant women may be around 10%, about50 to 75 genome equivalents per ml. The process of obtaining cell-freenucleic acids usually involves obtaining plasma from the blood. If notperformed carefully, maternal white blood cells may be destroyed,releasing additional cellular nucleic acids into the sample, creating alot of background noise to the fetal cell-free nucleic acids. Thetypical white cell count is around 4*10{circumflex over ( )}6 to10*10{circumflex over ( )}6 cells per ml of blood and therefore theavailable nuclear DNA is around 4,000 to 10,000 times higher than theoverall cell-free DNA (cfDNA). Consequently, even if only a smallfraction of maternal white blood cells is destroyed, releasing nuclearDNA into the plasma, the fetal fraction is reduced dramatically. Forexample, a white cell degradation of 0.01% may reduce the fetal fractionfrom 10% to about 5%. Devices, systems, and kits disclosed herein aim toreduce these background signals.

In some instances, the sample processor is configured to separate bloodcells from whole blood. In some instances, the sample processor isconfigured to isolate plasma from whole blood. In some instances, thesample processor is configured to isolate serum from whole blood. Insome instances, the sample processor is configured to isolate plasma orserum from less than 1 milliliter of whole blood. In some instances, thesample processor is configured to isolate plasma or serum from less than1 milliliter of whole blood. In some instances, the sample processor isconfigured to isolate plasma or serum from less than 500 μL of wholeblood. In some instances, the sample processor is configured to isolateplasma or serum from less than 400 μL of whole blood. In some instances,the sample processor is configured to isolate plasma or serum from lessthan 300 μL of whole blood. In some instances, the sample processor isconfigured to isolate plasma or serum from less than 200 μL of wholeblood. In some instances, the sample processor is configured to isolateplasma or serum from less than 150 μL of whole blood. In some instances,the sample processor is configured to isolate plasma or serum from lessthan 100 μL of whole blood.

In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein comprise abinding moiety for producing a modified sample depleted of cells, cellfragments, nucleic acids or proteins that are unwanted or of nointerest. In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed hereincomprise a binding moiety for reducing cells, cell fragments, nucleicacids or proteins that are unwanted or of no interest, in a biologicalsample. In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed hereincomprise a binding moiety for producing a modified sample enriched withtarget cell, target cell fragments, target nucleic acids or targetproteins.

In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein comprise abinding moiety capable of binding a nucleic acid, a protein, a peptide,a cell surface marker, or microvesicle surface marker. In someinstances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein comprise a bindingmoiety for capturing an extracellular vesicle or extracellularmicroparticle in the biological sample. In some instances, theextracellular vesicle contains at least one of DNA and RNA. In someinstances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein comprise reagentsor components for analyzing DNA or RNA contained in the extracellularvesicle. In some instances, the binding moiety comprises an antibody,antigen binding antibody fragment, a ligand, a receptor, a protein, apeptide, a small molecule, or a combination thereof.

In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein comprise abinding moiety capable of interacting with or capturing an extracellularvesicle that is released from a cell. In some instances, the cell is afetal cell. In some instances, the cell is a placental cell. The fetalcell or the placental cell may be circulating in a biological fluid(e.g., blood) of a female pregnant subject. In some instances, theextracellular vesicle is released from an organ, gland or tissue. By wayof non-limiting example, the organ, gland or tissue may be diseased,aging, infected, or growing. Non-limiting examples of organs, glands andtissues are brain, liver, heart, kidney, colon, pancreas, muscle,adipose, thyroid, prostate, breast tissue, and bone marrow.

By way of non-limiting example, devices, systems and kits disclosedherein may be capable of capturing and discarding an extracellularvesicle or extracellular microparticle from a maternal sample to enrichthe sample for fetal/placental nucleic acids. In some instances, theextracellular vesicle is fetal/placental in origin. In some instances,the extracellular vesicle originates from a fetal cell. In someinstances, the extracellular vesicle is released by a fetal cell. Insome instances, the extracellular vesicle is released by a placentalcell. The placental cell may be a trophoblast cell. In some instances,devices, systems and kits disclosed herein comprise a cell-bindingmoiety for capturing placenta educated platelets, which may containfetal DNA or RNA fragments. These can be captured/enriched for withantibodies or other methods (low speed centrifugation). In suchinstances, the fetal DNA or RNA fragments may be analyzed as describedherein to detect or indicate chromosomal information (e.g., gender).Alternatively or additionally, devices, systems and kits disclosedherein comprise a binding moiety for capturing an extracellular vesicleor extracellular microparticle in the biological sample that comes froma maternal cell.

In some instances, the binding moiety is attached to a solid support,wherein the solid support can be separated from the rest of thebiological sample or the biological sample can be separated from thesolid support, after the binding moiety has made contact with thebiological sample. Non-limiting examples of solid supports include abead, a nanoparticle, a magnetic particle, a chip, a microchip, afibrous strip, a polymer strip, a membrane, a matrix, a column, a plate,or a combination thereof.

Devices, systems and kits disclosed herein may comprise a cell lysisreagent. Non-limiting examples of cell lysis reagents include detergentssuch as NP-40, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and salt solutions comprisingammonium, chloride, or potassium. Devices, systems and kits disclosedherein may have a cell lysis component. The cell lysis component may bestructural or mechanical and capable of lysing a cell. By way ofnon-limiting example, the cell lysis component may shear the cells torelease intracellular components such as nucleic acids. In someinstances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein do not comprise acell lysis reagent. Some devices, systems and kits disclosed herein areintended to analyze cell-free nucleic acids.

Nucleic Acid Amplification

Generally, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein are capable ofamplifying a nucleic acid. Often devices, systems and kits disclosedherein comprise a DNA polymerase. In some instances, the devices,systems and kits disclosed herein comprise a reverse transcriptaseenzyme to produce complementary DNA (cDNA) from RNA in biologicalsamples disclosed herein, wherein the cDNA can be amplified and/oranalyzed similarly to genomic DNA as described herein. Devices, systemsand kits disclosed herein also often contain a crowding agent which canincrease the efficiency enzymes like DNA polymerases and helicases.Crowding agents may increase an efficiency of a library, as describedelsewhere herein. The crowding agent may comprise a polymer, a protein,a polysaccharide, or a combination thereof. Non-limiting examples ofcrowding agents that may be used in devices, systems and kits disclosedherein are dextran, poly(ethylene glycol) and dextran.

A traditional polymerase chain reaction requires thermocycling. Thiswould be possible, but inconvenient for a typical at-home user without athermocycler machine. In some instances, devices, systems and kitsdisclosed herein are capable of amplifying a nucleic acid withoutchanging the temperature of the device or system or a component thereof.In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein arecapable of amplifying a nucleic acid isothermally. Non-limiting examplesof isothermal amplification are as follows: loop-mediated isothermalamplification (LAMP), strand displacement amplification (SDA), helicasedependent amplification (HDA), nicking enzyme amplification reaction(NEAR), and recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA). Thus, devices,systems and kits disclosed herein may comprise reagents necessary tocarry out an isothermal amplification. Non-limiting examples ofisothermal amplification reagents include recombinase polymerases,single-strand DNA-binding proteins, and strand-displacing polymerases.Generally, isothermal amplification using recombinase polymeraseamplification (RPA) employs three core enzymes, recombinase,single-strand DNA-binding protein, and strand-displacing polymerase, to(1) pair oligonucleotide primers with homologous sequence in DNA, (2)stabilize displaced DNA strands to prevent primer displacement, and (3)extend the oligonucleotide primer using a strand displacing DNApolymerase. Using paired oligonucleotide primers, exponential DNAamplification can take place with incubation at room temperature(optimal at 37° C.).

In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein arecapable of amplifying a nucleic acid at a temperature. In someinstances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein are capable ofamplifying a nucleic acid at not more than two temperatures. In someinstances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein are capable ofamplifying a nucleic acid at not more than three temperatures. In someinstances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein only requireinitially heating one reagent or component of the device, system or kit.

In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein arecapable of amplifying a nucleic acid at a range of temperatures. In someinstances, the range of temperatures is about −50° C. to about 100° C.In some instances, the range of temperatures is about −50° C. to about90° C. In some instances, the range of temperatures is about −50° C. toabout 80° C. In some instances, the range of temperatures is about isabout −50° C. to about 70° C. In some instances, the range oftemperatures is about −50° C. to about 60° C. In some instances, therange of temperatures is about −50° C. to about 50° C. In someinstances, the range of temperatures is about −50° C. to about 40° C. Insome instances, the range of temperatures is about −50° C. to about 30°C. In some instances, the range of temperatures is about −50° C. toabout 20° C. In some instances, the range of temperatures is about −50°C. to about 10° C. In some instances, the range of temperatures is about0° C. to about 100° C. In some instances, the range of temperatures isabout 0° C. to about 90° C. In some instances, the range of temperaturesis about 0° C. to about 80° C. In some instances, the range oftemperatures is about is about 0° C. to about 70° C. In some instances,the range of temperatures is about 0° C. to about 60° C. In someinstances, the range of temperatures is about 0° C. to about 50° C. Insome instances, the range of temperatures is about 0° C. to about 40° C.In some instances, the range of temperatures is about 0° C. to about 30°C. In some instances, the range of temperatures is about 0° C. to about20° C. In some instances, the range of temperatures is about 0° C. toabout 10° C. In some instances, the range of temperatures is about 15°C. to about 100° C. In some instances, the range of temperatures isabout 15° C. to about 90° C. In some instances, the range oftemperatures is about 15° C. to about 80° C. In some instances, therange of temperatures is about is about 15° C. to about 70° C. In someinstances, the range of temperatures is about 15° C. to about 60° C. Insome instances, the range of temperatures is about 15° C. to about 50°C. In some instances, the range of temperatures is about 15° C. to about40° C. In some instances, the range of temperatures is about 15° C. toabout 30° C. In some instances, the range of temperatures is about 10°C. to about 30° C. In some instances, devices, systems, kits disclosedherein, including all components thereof, and all reagents thereof, arecompletely operable at room temperature, not requiring cooling, freezingor heating.

In some instances, at least a portion of the devices, systems and kitsdisclosed herein operate at about 20° C. to about 50° C. In someinstances, at least a portion of the devices, systems, and kitsdisclosed herein operate at about 37° C. In some instances, at least aportion of the devices, systems and kits disclosed herein operate atabout 42° C. In some instances, the devices, systems and kits disclosedherein are advantageously operated at room temperature. In someinstances, at least a portion of the devices, systems and kits disclosedherein are capable of amplifying a nucleic acid isothermally at about20° C. to about 30° C. In some instances, at least a portion of thedevices, systems and kits disclosed herein are capable of amplifying anucleic acid isothermally at about 23° C. to about 27° C.

In some instances, devices, systems, kits, and methods disclosed hereincomprise a hybridization probe with an abasic site, a fluorophore andquencher to monitor amplification. Exonuclease III may be included tocleave the abasic site and release the quencher to allow fluorescentexcitation. In some instances, amplification products are detected ormonitored via lateral flow by attaching a capture molecule (e.g. Biotin)to one of the amplification primers and labeling a hybridization primerwith a 5′-antigenic molecule (e.g. fluorescein derivative FAM) forcapture to allow for detection. As such, in some instances, devices,systems, kits, and methods disclosed herein provide for detection ofnucleic acids and amplification products on a lateral flow device.Lateral flow devices are described herein.

In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein compriseat least one nucleic acid amplification reagent and at least oneoligonucleotide primer capable of amplifying a first sequence in agenome and a second sequence in a genome, wherein the first sequence andthe second sequence are similar, and wherein the first sequence isphysically distant enough from the second sequence such that the firstsequence is present on a first cell-free nucleic acid of the subject andthe second sequence is present on a second cell-free nucleic acid of thesubject. In some instances, the at least two sequences are immediatelyadjacent. In some instances the at least two sequences are separated byat least one nucleotide. In some instances, the at least two sequencesare separated by at least two nucleotides. In some instances, the atleast two sequences are separated by at least about 5, at least about10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 30, at leastabout 40, at least about 50, or at least about 100 nucleotides. In someinstances, the at least two sequences are at least about 50% identical.In some instances, the at least two sequences are at least about 60%identical, at least about 60% identical, at least about 60%, at leastabout 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%,at least about 99%, or 100% identical. In some instances, the firstsequence and the second sequence are each at least 10 nucleotides inlength. In some instances, the first sequence and the second sequenceare each at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, atleast about 30, at least about 50, or at least about 100 nucleotides inlength. In some instances, the first sequence and the second sequenceare on the same chromosome. In some instances, the first sequence is ona first chromosome and the second sequence is on a second chromosome. Insome instances, the first sequence and the second sequence are infunctional linkage. For example, all CpG sites in the promotor region ofgene AOX1 show the same hypermethylation in prostate cancer, so thesesites are in functional linkage because they functionally carry the sameinformation but are located one or more nucleotides apart.

In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein compriseat least one of an oligonucleotide probe or oligonucleotide primer thatis capable of annealing to a strand of a cell-free nucleic acid, whereinthe cell-free nucleic acid comprises a sequence corresponding to aregion of interest or a portion thereof. In some instances, the regionof interest is a region of a Y chromosome. In some instances, the regionof interest is a region of an X chromosome. In some instances, theregion of interest is a region of an autosome. In some instances, theregion of interest, or portion thereof, comprises a repeat sequence asdescribed herein that is present in a genome more than once. In someinstances, the region of interest is about 10 nucleotides to about1,000,000 nucleotides in length. In some instances, the region ofinterest is at least 10 nucleotides in length. In some instances, theregion of interest is at least 100 nucleotides in length. In someinstances, the region is at least 1000 nucleotides in length. In someinstances, the region of interest is about 10 nucleotides to about500,000 nucleotides in length. In some instances, the region of interestis about 10 nucleotides to about 300,000 nucleotides in length. In someinstances, the region of interest is about 100 nucleotides to about1,000,000 nucleotides in length. In some instances, the region ofinterest is about 100 nucleotides to about 500,000 nucleotides inlength. In some instances, the region of interest is about 100nucleotides to about 300,000 base pairs in length. In some instances,the region of interest is about 1000 nucleotides to about 1,000,000nucleotides in length. In some instances, the region of interest isabout 1000 nucleotides to about 500,000 nucleotides in length. In someinstances, the region of interest is about 1000 nucleotides to about300,000 nucleotides in length. In some instances, the region of interestis about 10,000 nucleotides to about 1,000,000 nucleotides in length. Insome instances, the region of interest is about 10,000 nucleotides toabout 500,000 nucleotides in length. In some instances, the region ofinterest is about 10,000 nucleotides to about 300,000 nucleotides inlength. In some instances, the region of interest is about 300,000nucleotides in length.

In some instances, the sequence corresponding to the region of interestis at least about 5 nucleotides in length. In some instances, thesequence corresponding to the region of interest is at least about 8nucleotides in length. In some instances, the sequence corresponding tothe region of interest is at least about 10 nucleotides in length. Insome instances, the sequence corresponding to the region of interest isat least about 15 nucleotides in length. In some instances, the sequencecorresponding to the region of interest is at least about 20 nucleotidesin length. In some instances, the sequence corresponding to the regionof interest is at least about 50 nucleotides in length. In someinstances, the sequence corresponding to the region of interest is atleast about 100 nucleotides in length. In some instances, the sequenceis about 5 nucleotides to about 1000 nucleotides in length. In someinstances, the sequence is about 10 nucleotides to about 1000nucleotides in length. In some instances, the sequence is about 10nucleotides to about 500 nucleotides in length. In some instances, thesequence is about 10 nucleotides to about 400 nucleotides in length. Insome instances, the sequence is about 10 nucleotides to about 300nucleotides in length. In some instances, the sequence is about 50nucleotides to about 1000 nucleotides in length. In some instances, thesequence is about 50 nucleotides to about 500 nucleotides in length.

In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein compriseat least one of an oligonucleotide probe and oligonucleotide primer thatis capable of annealing to a strand of a cell-free nucleic acid, whereinthe cell-free nucleic acid comprises a sequence corresponding to asub-region of interest disclosed herein. In some instances, thesub-region is represented by a sequence that is present in the region ofinterest more than once. In some instances, the sub-region is about 10to about 1000 nucleotides in length. In some instances, the sub-regionis about 50 to about 500 nucleotides in length. In some instances, thesub-region is about 50 to about 250 nucleotides in length. In someinstances, the sub-region is about 50 to about 150 nucleotides inlength. In some instances, the sub-region is about 100 nucleotides inlength.

Any appropriate nucleic acid amplification method known in the art iscontemplated for use in the devices and methods described herein. Insome instances, isothermal amplification is used. In some instances,amplification is isothermal with the exception of an initial heatingstep before isothermal amplification begins. A number of isothermalamplification methods, each having different considerations andproviding different advantages, are known in the art and have beendiscussed in the literature, e.g., by Zanoli and Spoto, 2013,“Isothermal Amplification Methods for the Detection of Nucleic Acids inMicrofluidic Devices,” Biosensors 3: 18-43, and Fakruddin, et al., 2013,“Alternative Methods of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR),” Journal ofPharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 5(4): 245-252, each incorporated hereinby reference in its entirety. In some instances, any appropriateisothermic amplification method is used. In some instances, theisothermic amplification method used is selected from: Loop MediatedIsothermal Amplification (LAMP); Nucleic Acid Sequence BasedAmplification (NASBA); Multiple Displacement Amplification (MDA);Rolling Circle Amplification (RCA); Helicase Dependent Amplification(HDA); Strand Displacement Amplification (SDA); Nicking EnzymeAmplification Reaction (NEAR); Ramification Amplification Method (RAM);and Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA).

In some instances, the amplification method used is LAMP (see, e.g.,Notomi, et al., 2000, “Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification” NAR28(12): e63 i-vii, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,410,278, “Process forsynthesizing nucleic acid” each incorporated by reference herein in itsentirety). LAMP is a one-step amplification system using auto-cyclingstrand displacement deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis. In someinstances, LAMP is carried out at 60-65° C. for 45-60 min in thepresence of a thermostable polymerase, e.g., Bacillus stearothermophilus(Bst) DNA polymerase I, deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTPs),specific primers and the target DNA template. In some instances, thetemplate is RNA and a polymerase having both reverse transcriptaseactivity and strand displacement-type DNA polymerase activity, e.g., BcaDNA polymerase, is used, or a polymerase having reverse transcriptaseactivity is used for the reverse transcriptase step and a polymerase nothaving reverse transcriptase activity is used for the stranddisplacement-DNA synthesis step.

In some instances, the amplification reaction is carried out using LAMP,at about 55° C. to about 70° C. In some instances, the LAMP reaction iscarried out at 55° C. or greater. In some instances, the LAMP reactionis carried out 70° C. or less. In some instances, the LAMP reaction iscarried out at about 55° C. to about 57° C., about 55° C. to about 59°C., about 55° C. to about 60° C., about 55° C. to about 61° C., about55° C. to about 62° C., about 55° C. to about 63° C., about 55° C. toabout 64° C., about 55° C. to about 65° C., about 55° C. to about 66°C., about 55° C. to about 68° C., about 55° C. to about 70° C., about57° C. to about 59° C., about 57° C. to about 60° C., about 57° C. toabout 61° C., about 57° C. to about 62° C., about 57° C. to about 63°C., about 57° C. to about 64° C., about 57° C. to about 65° C., about57° C. to about 66° C., about 57° C. to about 68° C., about 57° C. toabout 70° C., about 59° C. to about 60° C., about 59° C. to about 61°C., about 59° C. to about 62° C., about 59° C. to about 63° C., about59° C. to about 64° C., about 59° C. to about 65° C., about 59° C. toabout 66° C., about 59° C. to about 68° C., about 59° C. to about 70°C., about 60° C. to about 61° C., about 60° C. to about 62° C., about60° C. to about 63° C., about 60° C. to about 64° C., about 60° C. toabout 65° C., about 60° C. to about 66° C., about 60° C. to about 68°C., about 60° C. to about 70° C., about 61° C. to about 62° C., about61° C. to about 63° C., about 61° C. to about 64° C., about 61° C. toabout 65° C., about 61° C. to about 66° C., about 61° C. to about 68°C., about 61° C. to about 70° C., about 62° C. to about 63° C., about62° C. to about 64° C., about 62° C. to about 65° C., about 62° C. toabout 66° C., about 62° C. to about 68° C., about 62° C. to about 70°C., about 63° C. to about 64° C., about 63° C. to about 65° C., about63° C. to about 66° C., about 63° C. to about 68° C., about 63° C. toabout 70° C., about 64° C. to about 65° C., about 64° C. to about 66°C., about 64° C. to about 68° C., about 64° C. to about 70° C., about65° C. to about 66° C., about 65° C. to about 68° C., about 65° C. toabout 70° C., about 66° C. to about 68° C., about 66° C. to about 70°C., or about 68° C. to about 70° C. In some instances, the LAMP reactionis carried out at about 55° C., about 57° C., about 59° C., about 60°C., about 61° C., about 62° C., about 63° C., about 64° C., about 65°C., about 66° C., about 68° C., or about 70° C.

In some instances, the amplification reaction is carried out using LAMP,for about 30 to about 90 minutes. In some instances, the LAMP reactionis carried out for at least about 30 minutes. In some instances, theLAMP reaction is carried out for at most about 90 minutes. In someinstances, the LAMP reaction is carried out for about 30 minutes toabout 35 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 30 minutesto about 45 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 50 minutes, about 30minutes to about 55 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 60 minutes, about30 minutes to about 65 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 70 minutes,about 30 minutes to about 75 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 80minutes, about 30 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 35 minutes to about40 minutes, about 35 minutes to about 45 minutes, about 35 minutes toabout 50 minutes, about 35 minutes to about 55 minutes, about 35 minutesto about 60 minutes, about 35 minutes to about 65 minutes, about 35minutes to about 70 minutes, about 35 minutes to about 75 minutes, about35 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 35 minutes to about 90 minutes,about 40 minutes to about 45 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 50minutes, about 40 minutes to about 55 minutes, about 40 minutes to about60 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 65 minutes, about 40 minutes toabout 70 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 75 minutes, about 40 minutesto about 80 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 45minutes to about 50 minutes, about 45 minutes to about 55 minutes, about45 minutes to about 60 minutes, about 45 minutes to about 65 minutes,about 45 minutes to about 70 minutes, about 45 minutes to about 75minutes, about 45 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 45 minutes to about90 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 55 minutes, about 50 minutes toabout 60 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 65 minutes, about 50 minutesto about 70 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 75 minutes, about 50minutes to about 80 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 90 minutes, about55 minutes to about 60 minutes, about 55 minutes to about 65 minutes,about 55 minutes to about 70 minutes, about 55 minutes to about 75minutes, about 55 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 55 minutes to about90 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 65 minutes, about 60 minutes toabout 70 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 75 minutes, about 60 minutesto about 80 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 65minutes to about 70 minutes, about 65 minutes to about 75 minutes, about65 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 65 minutes to about 90 minutes,about 70 minutes to about 75 minutes, about 70 minutes to about 80minutes, about 70 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 75 minutes to about80 minutes, about 75 minutes to about 90 minutes, or about 80 minutes toabout 90 minutes. In some instances, the LAMP reaction is carried outfor about 30 minutes, about 35 minutes, about 40 minutes, about 45minutes, about 50 minutes, about 55 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 65minutes, about 70 minutes, about 75 minutes, about 80 minutes, or about90 minutes.

In some instances, the amplification method is Nucleic Acid SequenceBased Amplification (NASBA). NASBA (also known as 3 SR, andtranscription-mediated amplification) is an isothermaltranscription-based RNA amplification system. Three enzymes (avianmyeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase, RNase H and T7 DNA dependentRNA polymerase) are used to generate single-stranded RNA. In certaincases NASBA can be used to amplify DNA. The amplification reaction isperformed at 41° C., maintaining constant temperature, typically forabout 60 to about 90 minutes (see, e.g., Fakruddin, et al., 2012,“Nucleic Acid Sequence Based Amplification (NASBA) Prospects andApplications,” Int. J. of Life Science and Pharma Res. 2(1):L106-L121,incorporated by reference herein).

In some instances, the NASBA reaction is carried out at about 40° C. toabout 42° C. In some instances, the NASBA reaction is carried out at 41°C. In some instances, the NASBA reaction is carried out at most at about42° C. In some instances, the NASBA reaction is carried out at about 40°C. to about 41° C., about 40° C. to about 42° C., or about 41° C. toabout 42° C. In some instances, the NASBA reaction is carried out atabout 40° C., about 41° C., or about 42° C.

In some instances, the amplification reaction is carried out usingNASBA, for about 45 to about 120 minutes. In some instances, the NASBAreaction is carried out for about 30 minutes to about 120 minutes. Insome instances, the NASBA reaction is carried out for at least about 30minutes. In some instances, the NASBA reaction is carried out for atmost about 120 minutes. In some instances, the NASBA reaction is carriedout for up to 180 minutes. In some instances, the NASBA reaction iscarried out for about 30 minutes to about 45 minutes, about 30 minutesto about 60 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 65 minutes, about 30minutes to about 70 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 75 minutes, about30 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 85 minutes,about 30 minutes to about 90 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 95minutes, about 30 minutes to about 100 minutes, about 30 minutes toabout 120 minutes, about 45 minutes to about 60 minutes, about 45minutes to about 65 minutes, about 45 minutes to about 70 minutes, about45 minutes to about 75 minutes, about 45 minutes to about 80 minutes,about 45 minutes to about 85 minutes, about 45 minutes to about 90minutes, about 45 minutes to about 95 minutes, about 45 minutes to about100 minutes, about 45 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 60 minutes toabout 65 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 70 minutes, about 60 minutesto about 75 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 80 minutes, about 60minutes to about 85 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 90 minutes, about60 minutes to about 95 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 100 minutes,about 60 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 65 minutes to about 70minutes, about 65 minutes to about 75 minutes, about 65 minutes to about80 minutes, about 65 minutes to about 85 minutes, about 65 minutes toabout 90 minutes, about 65 minutes to about 95 minutes, about 65 minutesto about 100 minutes, about 65 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 70minutes to about 75 minutes, about 70 minutes to about 80 minutes, about70 minutes to about 85 minutes, about 70 minutes to about 90 minutes,about 70 minutes to about 95 minutes, about 70 minutes to about 100minutes, about 70 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 75 minutes toabout 80 minutes, about 75 minutes to about 85 minutes, about 75 minutesto about 90 minutes, about 75 minutes to about 95 minutes, about 75minutes to about 100 minutes, about 75 minutes to about 120 minutes,about 80 minutes to about 85 minutes, about 80 minutes to about 90minutes, about 80 minutes to about 95 minutes, about 80 minutes to about100 minutes, about 80 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 85 minutes toabout 90 minutes, about 85 minutes to about 95 minutes, about 85 minutesto about 100 minutes, about 85 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 90minutes to about 95 minutes, about 90 minutes to about 100 minutes,about 90 minutes to about 120 minutes, about 95 minutes to about 100minutes, about 95 minutes to about 120 minutes, or about 100 minutes toabout 120 minutes. In some instances, the NASBA reaction is carried outfor about 30 minutes, about 45 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 65minutes, about 70 minutes, about 75 minutes, about 80 minutes, about 85minutes, about 90 minutes, about 95 minutes, about 100 minutes, about120 minutes, about 150 minutes, or about 180 minutes.

In some instances, the amplification method is Strand DisplacementAmplification (SDA). SDA is an isothermal amplification method that usesfour different primers. A primer containing a restriction site (arecognition sequence for HincII exonuclease) is annealed to the DNAtemplate. An exonuclease-deficient fragment of Eschericia coli DNApolymerase 1 (exo-Klenow) elongates the primers. Each SDA cycle consistsof (1) primer binding to a displaced target fragment, (2) extension ofthe primer/target complex by exo-Klenow, (3) nicking of the resultanthemiphosphothioate HincII site, (4) dissociation of HincII from thenicked site and (5) extension of the nick and displacement of thedownstream strand by exo-Klenow.

In some instances, the amplification method is Multiple DisplacementAmplification (MDA). The MDA is an isothermal, strand-displacing methodbased on the use of the highly processive and strand-displacing DNApolymerase from bacteriophage 029, in conjunction with modified randomprimers to amplify the entire genome with high fidelity. It has beendeveloped to amplify all DNA in a sample from a very small amount ofstarting material. In MDA 029 DNA polymerase is incubated with dNTPs,random hexamers and denatured template DNA at 30° C. for 16 to18 hoursand the enzyme must be inactivated at high temperature (65° C.) for 10min. No repeated recycling is required, but a short initial denaturationstep, the amplification step, and a final inactivation of the enzyme areneeded.

In some instances, the amplification method is Rolling CircleAmplification (RCA). RCA is an isothermal nucleic acid amplificationmethod which allows amplification of the probe DNA sequences by morethan 10⁹ fold at a single temperature, typically about 30° C. Numerousrounds of isothermal enzymatic synthesis are carried out by 029 DNApolymerase, which extends a circle-hybridized primer by continuouslyprogressing around the circular DNA probe. In some instances, theamplification reaction is carried out using RCA, at about 28° C. toabout 32° C.

In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein compriseat least one oligonucleotide primer, wherein the oligonucleotide primerhas a sequence complementary to or corresponding to a Y chromosomesequence. In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed hereincomprise a pair of oligonucleotide primers, wherein the pair ofoligonucleotide primers have sequences complementary to or correspondingto a Y chromosome sequence. In some instances, devices, systems and kitsdisclosed herein comprise at least one oligonucleotide primer, whereinthe oligonucleotide primer comprises a sequence complementary to orcorresponding to a Y chromosome sequence. In some instances, devices,systems and kits disclosed herein comprise a pair of oligonucleotideprimers, wherein the pair of oligonucleotide primers comprise sequencescomplementary to or corresponding to a Y chromosome sequence. In someinstances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein comprise at leastone oligonucleotide primer, wherein the oligonucleotide primer consistsof a sequence complementary to or corresponding to a Y chromosomesequence. In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed hereincomprise a pair of oligonucleotide primers, wherein the pair ofoligonucleotide primers consists of sequences complementary to orcorresponding to a Y chromosome sequence. In some instances, thesequence(s) complementary to or corresponding to a Y chromosome sequenceis at least 75% homologous to a wild-type human Y chromosome sequence.In some instances, the sequence(s) complementary to or corresponding toa Y chromosome sequence is at least 80% homologous to a wild-type humanY chromosome sequence. In some instances, the sequence(s) complementaryto or corresponding to a Y chromosome sequence is at least 85%homologous to a wild-type human Y chromosome sequence. In someinstances, the sequence(s) complementary to or corresponding to a Ychromosome sequence is at least 80% homologous to a wild-type human Ychromosome sequence. In some instances, the sequence(s) complementary toor corresponding to a Y chromosome sequence is at least 90% homologousto a wild-type human Y chromosome sequence. In some instances, thesequence(s) complementary to or corresponding to a Y chromosome sequenceis at least 95% homologous to a wild-type human Y chromosome sequence.In some instances, the sequence(s) complementary to or corresponding toa Y chromosome sequence is at least 97% homologous to a wild-type humanY chromosome sequence. In some instances, the sequence(s) complementaryto or corresponding to a Y chromosome sequence is 100% homologous to awild-type human Y chromosome sequence.

Nucleic Acid Detector

In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein comprise anucleic acid detector. In some instances, the nucleic acid detectorcomprises a nucleic acid sequencer. In some instances, devices, systemsand kits disclosed herein are configured to amplify nucleic acids andsequence the resulting amplified nucleic acids. In some instances,devices, systems and kits disclosed herein are configured to sequencenucleic acids without amplifying nucleic acids. In some instances,devices, systems and kits disclosed herein comprise a nucleic acidsequencer, but do not comprise a nucleic acid amplifying reagent ornucleic acid amplifying component. In some instances, the nucleic acidsequencer comprises a signal detector that detects a signal thatreflects successful amplification or unsuccessful amplification. In someinstances, the nucleic acid sequencer is the signal detector. In someinstances, the signal detector comprises the nucleic acid sequencer.

In some instances, the nucleic acid sequencer has a communicationconnection with an electronic device that analyzes sequencing reads fromthe nucleic acid sequencer. In some instances the communicationconnection is hard wired. In some instances the communication connectionis wireless. For example, a mobile device app or computer software, suchas those disclosed herein, may receive the sequencing reads, and basedon the sequencing reads, display or report genetic information about thesample (e.g., presence of a disease/infection, response to a drug,genetic abnormality or mutation of a fetus).

In some instances, the nucleic acid sequencer comprises a nanoporesequencer. In some instances, the nanopore sequencer comprises ananopore. In some instances, the nanopore sequencer comprises a membraneand solutions that create a current across the membrane and drivemovement of charged molecules (e.g., nucleic acids) through thenanopore. In some instances, the nanopore sequencer comprises atransmembrane protein, a portion thereof, or a modification thereof. Insome instances, the transmembrane protein is a bacterial protein. Insome instances, the transmembrane protein is not a bacterial protein. Insome instances, the nanopore is synthetic. In some instances, thenanopore performs solid state nanopore sequencing. In some instances,the nanopore sequencer is described as pocket-sized, portable, orroughly the size of a cell phone. In some instances, the nanoporesequencer is configured to sequence at least one of RNA and DNA.Non-limiting examples of nanopore sequencing devices include OxfordNanopore Technologies MinION and SmidgION nanopore sequencing USBdevices. Both of these devices are small enough to be handheld. Nanoporesequencing devices and components are further described in reviews byHoworka (Nat Nanotechnol. 2017 Jul. 6; 12(7):619-630), andGarrido-Cardenas et al. (Sensors (Basel). 2017 Mar. 14; 17(3)), bothincorporated herein by reference. Other non-limiting examples ofnanopore sequencing devices are offered by Electronic Biosciences, TwoPore Guys, Stratos, and Agilent (technology originally from Genia).

In some instances, the nucleic acid detector comprises reagents andcomponents required for bisulfite sequencing to detect epigeneticmodifications. For instance, a long region with many methylation markerscan be fragmented. Here, each fragment carrying a methylation marker canbe an independent signal. Signals from all the fragments are sufficientin combination to obtain useful genetic information.

In some instances, the nucleic acid detector does not comprise a nucleicacid sequencer. In some instances, the nucleic acid detector isconfigured to count tagged nucleic acids, wherein the nucleic aciddetector quantifies a collective signal from one or more tags.

Capture and Detection

In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein compriseat least one of a nucleic acid detector, capture component, signaldetector, a detection reagent, or a combination thereof, for detecting anucleic acid in the biological sample. In some instances, the capturecomponent and the signal detector are integrated. In some instances, thecapture component comprises a solid support. In some instances the solidsupport comprises a bead, a chip, a strip, a membrane, a matrix, acolumn, a plate, or a combination thereof.

In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein compriseat least one probe for an epigenetically modified region of a chromosomeor fragment thereof. In some instances, the epigenetic modification ofthe epigenetically modified region of a chromosome is indicative ofgender or a marker of gender. In some instances, devices, systems andkits disclosed herein comprise at least one probe for a paternallyinherited sequence that is not present in the maternal DNA. In someinstances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein comprise at leastone probe for a paternally inherited single nucleotide polymorphism. Insome instances, the chromosome is a Y chromosome. In some instances, thechromosome is an X chromosome. In some instances, the chromosome is a Ychromosome. In some instances, the chromosome is an autosome. In someinstances, the probe comprises a peptide, an antibody, an antigenbinding antibody fragment, a nucleic acid or a small molecule.

In some instances, devices, systems and kits comprise a sample purifierdisclosed herein and a capture component disclosed herein. In someinstances, the sample purifier comprises the capture component. In someinstances, the sample purifier and the capture component are integrated.In some instances, the sample purifier and the capture component areseparate.

In some instances, the capture component comprises a binding moietydescribed herein. In some instances, the binding moiety is present in alateral flow assay. In some instances, the binding moiety is added tothe sample before the sample is added to the lateral flow assay. In someinstances, the binding moiety comprises a signaling molecule. In someinstances, the binding moiety is physically associated with a signalingmolecule. In some instances, the binding moiety is capable of physicallyassociating with a signaling molecule. In some instances, the bindingmoiety is connected to a signaling molecule. Non-limiting examples ofsignaling molecules include a gold particle, a fluorescent particle, aluminescent particle, and a dye molecule. In some instances the capturecomponent comprises a binding moiety that is capable of interacting withan amplification product described herein. In some instances the capturecomponent comprises a binding moiety that is capable of interacting witha tag on an amplification product described herein.

In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein comprise adetection system. In some instances, the detection system comprises asignal detector. Non-limiting examples of a signal detector include afluorescence reader, a colorimeter, a sensor, a wire, a circuit, areceiver. In some instances, the detection system comprises a detectionreagent. Non-limiting examples of a detection reagent include afluorophore, a chemical, a nanoparticle, an antibody, and a nucleic acidprobe. In some instances, the detection system comprises a pH sensor anda complementary metal-oxide semiconductor, which can be used to detectchanges in pH. In some instances, production of an amplification productby devices, systems, kits or methods disclosed herein changes the pH,thereby indicating genetic information.

In some instances, the detection system comprises a signal detector. Insome instances, the signal detector is a photodetector that detectsphotons. In some instances, the signal detector detects fluorescence. Insome instances, the signal detector detects a chemical or compound. Insome instances, the signal detector detects a chemical that is releasedwhen the amplification product is produced. In some instances, thesignal detector detects a chemical that is released when theamplification product is added to the detection system. In someinstances, the signal detector detects a compound that is produced whenthe amplification product is produced. In some instances, the signaldetector detects a compound that is produced when the amplificationproduct is added to the detection system.

In some instances, the signal detector detects an electrical signal. Insome instances, the signal detector comprises an electrode. In someinstances, the signal detector comprises a circuit a current, or acurrent generator. In some instances, the circuit or current is providedby a gradient of two or more solutions or polymers. In some instances,the circuit or current is provided by an energy source (e.g., battery,cell phone, wire from electrical outlet). In some instances, nucleicacids, amplification products, chemicals or compounds disclosed hereinprovide an electrical signal by disrupting the current and the signaldetector detects the electrical signal.

In some instances, the signal detector detects light. In some instances,the signal detector comprises a light sensor. In some instances, thesignal detector comprises a camera. In some instances, the signaldetector comprises a cell phone camera or a component thereof.

In some instances, the signal detector comprises a nanowire that detectsthe charge of different bases in nucleic acids. In some instances, thenanowire has a diameter of about 1 nm to about 99 nm. In some instances,the nanowire has a diameter of about 1 nm to about 999 nm. In someinstances, the nanowire comprises an inorganic molecule, e.g., nickel,platinum, silicon, gold, zinc, graphene, or titanium. In some instances,the nanowire comprises an organic molecule (e.g., a nucleotide).

In some instances, the detection system comprises an assay assembly,wherein the assay assembly is capable of detecting a target analyte(e.g., nucleic acid amplification product). In some instances, the assayassembly comprises a lateral flow strip, also referred to herein and inthe field, as a lateral flow assay, lateral flow test or lateral flowdevice. In some instances, a lateral flow assay provides a fast,inexpensive, and technically simple method to detect amplificationproducts disclosed herein. Generally, lateral flow assays disclosedherein comprise a porous material or porous matrix that transports afluid, and a detector that detects the amplification product when it ispresent. The porous material may comprise a porous paper, a polymerstructure, a sintered polymer, or a combination thereof. In someinstances, the lateral flow assay transports the biological fluid orportion thereof (e.g., plasma of blood sample). In some instances, thelateral flow assay transports a solution containing the biological fluidor portion thereof. For instance, methods may comprise adding a solutionto the biological fluid before or during addition of the sample to thedevice or system. The solution may comprise a salt, a polymer, or anyother component that facilitates transport of the sample and oramplification product through the lateral flow assay. In some instances,nucleic acids are amplified after they have traveled through the lateralflow strip.

In some instances, devices, the detection system comprises a lateralflow device, wherein the lateral flow device comprises multiple sectorsor zones, wherein each desired function can be present in a separatesector or zone. In general, in a lateral flow device, a liquid sample,e.g., a body fluid sample as described herein, containing the targetanalyte moves with or without the assistance of external forces throughsectors or zones of the lateral flow device. In some instances, thetarget analyte moves without the assistance of external forces, e.g., bycapillary action. In some instances, the target analyte moves withassistance of external forces, e.g., by facilitation of capillary actionby movement of the lateral flow device. Movement can comprise any motioncaused by external input, e.g., shaking, turning, centrifuging, applyingan electrical field or magnetic field, applying a pump, applying avacuum, or rocking of the lateral flow device.

In some instances, the lateral flow device is a lateral flow test strip,comprising zones or sectors that are situated laterally, e.g., behind orahead of each other. In general, a lateral flow test strip allowsaccessibility of the functional zones or sectors from each side of(e.g., above and below) the test strip as a result of exposure of alarge surface area of each functional zone or sector. This facilitatesthe addition of reagents, including those used in sample purification,or target analyte amplification, and/or detection.

Any suitable lateral flow test strip detection format known to those ofskill in the art is contemplated for use in an assay assembly of thepresent disclosure. Lateral flow test strip detection formats are wellknown and have been described in the literature. Lateral flow test stripassay formats are generally described by, e.g., Sharma et al., (2015)Biosensors 5:577-601, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.Detection of nucleic acids using lateral flow test strip sandwich assayformats is described by, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 9,121,849, “Lateral FlowAssays,” incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Detection ofnucleic acids using lateral flow test strip competitive assay formats isdescribed by, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 9,423,399, “Lateral Flow Assays forTagged Analytes,” incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

In some instances, a lateral flow test strip detects the target analytein a test sample using a sandwich format, a competitive format, or amultiplex detection format. In a traditional sandwich assay format, thedetected signal is directly proportional to the amount of the targetanalyte present in the sample, so that increasing amounts of the targetanalyte lead to increasing signal intensity. In traditional competitiveassay formats, the detected signal has an inverse relationship with theamount of analyte present, and increasing amounts of analyte lead todecreasing signal intensity.

In a lateral flow sandwich format, also referred to as a “sandwichassay,” the test sample typically is applied to a sample application padat one end of a test strip. The applied test sample flows through thetest strip, from the sample application pad to a conjugate pad locatedadjacent to the sample application pad, where the conjugate pad isdownstream in the direction of sample flow. In some instances, theconjugate pad comprises a labeled, reversibly-immobilized probe, e.g.,an antibody or aptamer labeled with, e.g., a dye, enzyme, ornanoparticle. A labeled probe-target analyte complex is formed if thetarget analyte is present in the test sample. This complex then flows toa first test zone or sector (e.g., a test line) comprising animmobilized second probe which is specific to the target analyte,thereby trapping any labeled probe-target analyte complex. In someinstances, the intensity or magnitude of signal, e.g., color, at thefirst test zone or sector is used to indicate the presence or absence,quantity, or presence and quantity of target analyte in the test sample.A second test zone or sector can comprise a third probe that binds toexcess labeled probe. If the applied test sample comprises the targetanalyte, little or no excess labeled probe will be present on the teststrip following capture of the target analyte by the labeled probe onthe conjugate pad. Consequently, the second test zone or sector will notbind any labeled probe, and little or no signal (e.g., color) at thesecond test zone or sector is expected to be observed. The absence ofsignal at the second test zone or sector thus can provide assurance thatsignal observed in the first test zone or sector is due to the presenceof the target analyte.

In some instances, devices and systems disclosed herein comprise asandwich assay. In some instances, the sandwich assay is configured toreceive a biological sample disclosed herein and retain samplecomponents (e.g., nucleic acids, cells, microparticles). In someinstances, the sandwich assay is configured to receive a flow solutionthat flushes non-nucleic acid components of the biological sample (e.g.,proteins, cells, microparticles), leaving nucleic acids of thebiological sample behind. In some instances, the sandwich assaycomprises a membrane that binds nucleic acids to help retain the nucleicacids when the flow solution is applied. Non-limiting examples of amembrane the binds nucleic acids includes chitosan modifiednitrocellulose.

Similarly, in a lateral flow competitive format a test sample is appliedto a sample application pad at one end of a test strip, and the targetanalyte binds to a labeled probe to form a probe-target analyte complexin a conjugate pad downstream of the sample application pad. In thecompetitive format, the first test zone or sector typically comprisesthe target analyte or an analog of the target analyte. The targetanalyte in the first test zone or sector binds any free labeled probethat did not bind to the test analyte in the conjugate pad. Thus, theamount of signal observed in the first test zone or sector is higherwhen there is no target analyte in the applied test sample than whentarget analyte is present. A second test zone or sector comprises aprobe that specifically binds to the probe-target analyte complex. Theamount of signal observed in this second test zone or sector is higherwhen the target analyte is present in the applied test sample.

In a lateral flow test strip multiplex detection format, more than onetarget analyte is detected using the test strip through the use ofadditional test zones or sectors comprising, e.g., probes specific foreach of the target analytes.

In some instances, the lateral flow device is a layered lateral flowdevice, comprising zones or sectors that are present in layers situatedmedially, e.g., above or below each other. In some instances, one ormore zones or sectors are present in a given layer. In some instances,each zone or sector is present in an individual layer. In someinstances, a layer comprises multiple zones or sectors. In someinstances, the layers are laminated. In a layered lateral flow device,processes controlled by diffusion and directed by the concentrationgradient are possible driving forces. For example, multilayer analyticalelements for fluorometric assay or fluorometric quantitative analysis ofan analyte contained in a sample liquid are described in EP0097952,“Multilayer analytical element,” incorporated by reference herein.

A lateral flow device can comprise one or more functional zones orsectors. In some instances, the test assembly comprises 1 to 20functional zones or sectors. In some instances, the functional zones oresectors comprise at least one sample purification zone or sector, atleast one target analyte amplification zone or sector, at least onetarget analyte detection zone or sector, and at least one target analytedetection zone or sector.

In some instances, the target analyte is a nucleic acid sequence, andthe lateral flow device is a nucleic acid lateral flow assay. In someinstances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein comprise a nucleicacid lateral flow assay, wherein the nucleic acid lateral flow assaycomprises nucleic acid amplification function. In some instances, targetnucleic acid amplification that is carried out by the nucleic acidamplification function takes place prior to, or at the same time as,detection of the amplified nucleic acid species. In some instances,detection comprises one or more of qualitative, semi-quantitative, orquantitative detection of the presence of the target analyte.

In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein comprisean assay assembly wherein a target nucleic acid analyte is amplified ina lateral flow test strip to generate a labeled amplification product,or an amplification product that can be labeled after amplification. Insome instances, a label is present on one or more amplification primers,or subsequently conjugated to one or more amplification primers,following amplification. In some instances, at least one target nucleicacid amplification product is detected on the lateral flow test strip.For example, one or more zones or sectors on the lateral flow test stripmay comprise a probe that is specific for a target nucleic acidamplification product.

In some instances, the devices, systems and kits disclosed hereincomprise a detector, wherein the detector comprises a graphenebiosensor. Graphene biosensors are described, e.g., by Afsahi et al., inthe article entitled, “Novel graphene-based biosensor for earlydetection of Zika virus infection, Biosensor and Bioelectronics,” (2018)100:85-88.

In some instances, a detector disclosed herein comprises a nanopore, ananosensor, or a nanoswitch. For instance, the detector may be capableof nanopore sequencing, a method of transporting a nucleic acid througha nanpore based on an electric current across a membrane, the detectormeasuring disruptions in the current corresponding to specificnucleotides. A nanoswitch or nanosensor undergoes a structural changeupon exposure to the detectable signal. See, e.g., Koussa et al., “DNAnanoswitches: A quantitative platform for gel-based biomolecularinteraction analysis,” (2015) Nature Methods, 12(2): 123-126.

In some instances, the detector comprises a rapid multiplex biomarkerassay where probes for an analyte of interest are produced on a chipthat is used for real-time detection. Thus, there is no need for a tag,label or reporter. Binding of analytes to these probes causes a changein a refractive index that corresponds to a concentration of theanalyte. All steps may be automated. Incubations may be not benecessary. Results may be available in less than an hour (e.g., 10-30minutes). A non-limiting example of such a detector is the GenalyteMaverick Detection System.

Additional Tests

In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein compriseadditional features, reagents, tests or assays for detection or analysisof biological components besides nucleic acids. By way of non-limitingexample, the biological component may be selected from a peptide, alipid, a fatty acid, a sterol, a carbohydrate, a viral component, amicrobial component, and a combination thereof. The biological componentmay be an antibody. The biological component may be an antibody producedin response to a peptide in the subject. These additional assays may becapable of detecting or analyzing biological components in the smallvolumes or sample sizes disclosed herein and throughout. An additionaltest may comprise a reagent capable of interacting with a biologicalcomponent of interest. Non-limiting examples of such reagents includeantibodies, peptides, oligonucleotides, aptamers, and small molecules,and combinations thereof. The reagent may comprise a detectable label.The reagent may be capable of interacting with a detectable label. Thereagent may be capable of providing a detectable signal.

Additional tests may require one or more antibodies. For instance, theadditional test may comprise reagents or components that provide forperforming Immuno-PCR (IPCR). IPCR is a method wherein a first antibodyfor a protein of interest is immobilized and exposed to a sample. If thesample contains the protein of interest, it will be captured by thefirst antibody. The captured protein of interest is then exposed to asecond antibody that binds the protein of interest. The second antibodyhas been coupled to a polynucleotide that can be detected by real-timePCR. Alternatively or additionally, the additional test may comprisereagents or components that provide for performing a proximity ligationassay (PLA), wherein the sample is exposed to two antibodies specificfor a protein of interest, each antibody comprising an oligonucleotide.If both antibodies bind to the protein of interest, the oligonucleotidesof each antibody will be close enough to be amplified and/or detected.

In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein comprise apregnancy test to confirm the subject is pregnant. In some instances,devices, systems and kits disclosed herein comprise a test for presenceof a Y chromosome or absence of a Y chromosome (gender test). In someinstances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein comprise a testfor gestational age.

In some instances, devices, systems, and kits disclosed herein comprisea test for multiple pregnancies, e.g., twins or triplets. In someinstances, methods disclosed herein quantify (absolute or relative) thetotal amount of fetal nucleic acids in a maternal sample, and the amountof sequences represented by the various autosomes, X and Y chromosomesto detect if one, both or all fetuses are male or female, euploid oraneuploid, etc.

In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein comprise apregnancy test for indicating, detecting or verifying the subject ispregnant. In some instances the pregnancy test comprises a reagent orcomponent for measuring a pregnancy related factor. By way ofnon-limiting example, the pregnancy related factor may be humanchorionic gonadotropin protein (hCG) and the reagent or component forhCG comprising an anti-hCG antibody. Also by way of non-limitingexample, the pregnancy related factor may be an hCG transcript and thereagent or component for measuring the hCG transcript is anoligonucleotide probe or primer that hybridizes to the hCG transcript.In some instances, the pregnancy related factor is heat shock protein 10kDa protein 1, also known as early-pregnancy factor (EPF).

In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein arecapable of conveying the age of the fetus. For example, a signal may begenerated from the device or system, wherein the level of the signalcorresponds to the amount of hCG in the sample from the subject. Thislevel or strength of the signal may be translated or equivocated with anumerical value representing the amount of hCG in the sample. The amountof hCG may indicate an approximate age of the fetus.

In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein provide anindication or verification of pregnancy, an indication or verificationof gestational age, and an indication or verification of gender. In someinstances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein provide anindication of pregnancy, gestational age, and/or gender with at leastabout 90% confidence (e.g., 90% of the time, the indication isaccurate). In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed hereinprovide an indication of pregnancy, gestational age, and/or gender withat least about 95% confidence. In some instances, devices, systems andkits disclosed herein provide an indication of pregnancy, gestationalage, and/or gender with at least about 99% confidence.

Performance Parameters

In some instances, the devices, systems and kits disclosed herein areoperable at one or more temperatures. In some instances, the temperatureof a component or reagent of the device system, or kit needs to bealtered in order for the device system, or kit to be operable.Generally, devices, systems and kits are considered “operable” when theyare capable of providing information conveyed by biomarkers (e.g.,RNA/DNA, peptides) in the biological sample. In some instances,temperature(s) at which the devices, systems, kits, components thereof,or reagents thereof are operable are obtained in a common household. Byway of non-limiting example, temperature(s) obtained in a commonhousehold may be provided by room temperature, a refrigerator, afreezer, a microwave, a stove, an electric hot pot, hot/cold water bath,or an oven.

In some instances, devices, systems, kits, components thereof, orreagents thereof, as described herein, are operable at a singletemperature. In some instances, devices, systems, kits, componentsthereof, or reagents thereof, as described herein, only require a singletemperature to be operable. In some instances, devices, systems, kits,components thereof, or reagents thereof, as described herein, onlyrequire two temperatures to be operable. In some instances, devices,systems, kits, components thereof, or reagents thereof, as describedherein, only require three temperatures to be operable.

In some instances, devices, systems, kits disclosed herein comprises aheating device or a cooling device to allow a user to obtain the atleast one temperature. Non-limiting examples of heating devices andcooling devices are pouches or bag of material that can be cooled in arefrigerator or freezer, or microwaved or boiled on a stove top, orplugged into an electrical socket, and subsequently applied to devicesdisclosed herein or components thereof, thereby transmitting heat to thedevice or component thereof or cooling the device or component thereof.Another non-limiting example of a heating device is an electrical wireor coil that runs through the device or portion thereof. The electricalwire or coil may be activated by external (e.g. solar, outlet) orinternal (e.g., battery, cell phone) power to convey heat to the deviceor portion thereof. In some instances, devices, systems, kits disclosedherein comprise a thermometer or temperature indicator to assist a userwith assessing a temperature within the range of temperatures.Alternatively, or additionally, the user employs a device in a typicalhome setting (e.g., thermometer, cell phone, etc.) to assess thetemperature.

In some instances, temperature at which the devices, systems, kits,components thereof, or reagents thereof are operable at a range oftemperatures or at least one temperature that falls within a range oftemperatures. In some instances, the range of temperatures is about −50°C. to about 100° C. In some instances, the range of temperatures isabout −50° C. to about 90° C. In some instances, the range oftemperatures is about −50° C. to about 80° C. In some instances, therange of temperatures is about is about −50° C. to about 70° C. In someinstances, the range of temperatures is about −50° C. to about 60° C. Insome instances, the range of temperatures is about −50° C. to about 50°C. In some instances, the range of temperatures is about −50° C. toabout 40° C. In some instances, the range of temperatures is about −50°C. to about 30° C. In some instances, the range of temperatures is about−50° C. to about 20° C. In some instances, the range of temperatures isabout −50° C. to about 10° C. In some instances, the range oftemperatures is about 0° C. to about 100° C. In some instances, therange of temperatures is about 0° C. to about 90° C. In some instances,the range of temperatures is about 0° C. to about 80° C. In someinstances, the range of temperatures is about is about 0° C. to about70° C. In some instances, the range of temperatures is about 0° C. toabout 60° C. In some instances, the range of temperatures is about 0° C.to about 50° C. In some instances, the range of temperatures is about 0°C. to about 40° C. In some instances, the range of temperatures is about0° C. to about 30° C. In some instances, the range of temperatures isabout 0° C. to about 20° C. In some instances, the range of temperaturesis about 0° C. to about 10° C. In some instances, the range oftemperatures is about 15° C. to about 100° C. In some instances, therange of temperatures is about 15° C. to about 90° C. In some instances,the range of temperatures is about 15° C. to about 80° C. In someinstances, the range of temperatures is about is about 15° C. to about70° C. In some instances, the range of temperatures is about 15° C. toabout 60° C. In some instances, the range of temperatures is about 15°C. to about 50° C. In some instances, the range of temperatures is about15° C. to about 40° C. In some instances, the range of temperatures isabout 15° C. to about 30° C. In some instances, the range oftemperatures is about 10° C. to about 30° C. In some instances, devices,systems, kits disclosed herein, including all components thereof, andall reagents thereof, are completely operable at room temperature, notrequiring cooling, freezing or heating.

In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein detectcomponents of the biological sample or products thereof (e.g.,amplification products, conjugation products, binding products) within atime range of receiving the biological sample. In some instances,detecting occurs via a signaling molecule described herein. In someinstances, the time range is about one second to about one minute. Insome instances, the time range is about ten seconds to about one minute.In some instances, the time range is about ten seconds to about oneminute. In some instances, the time range is about thirty seconds toabout one minute. In some instances, the time range is about 10 secondsto about 2 minutes. In some instances, the time range is about 10seconds to about 3 minutes. In some instances, the time range is about10 seconds to about 5 minutes. In some instances, the time range isabout 10 seconds to about 10 minutes. In some instances, the time rangeis about 10 seconds to about 15 minutes. In some instances, the timerange is about 10 seconds to about 20 minutes. In some instances, thetime range is about 30 seconds to about 2 minutes. In some instances,the time range is about 30 seconds to about 5 minutes. In someinstances, the time range is about 30 seconds to about 10 minutes. Insome instances, the time range is about 30 seconds to about 15 minutes.In some instances, the time range is about 30 seconds to about 20minutes. In some instances, the time range is about 30 seconds to about30 minutes. In some instances, the time range is about 1 minute to about2 minutes. In some instances, the time range is about 1 minute to about3 minutes. In some instances, the time range is about 1 minute to about5 minutes. In some instances, the time range is about 1 minute to about10 minutes. In some instances, the time range is about 1 minute to about20 minutes. In some instances, the time range is about 1 minute to about30 minutes. In some instances, the time range is about 5 minutes toabout 10 minutes. In some instances, the time range is about 5 minutesto about 15 minutes. In some instances, the time range is about 5minutes to about 20 minutes. In some instances, the time range is about5 minutes to about 30 minutes. In some instances, the time range isabout 5 minutes to about 60 minutes. In some instances, the time rangeis about 30 minutes to about 60 minutes. In some instances, the timerange is about 30 minutes to about 2 hours. In some instances, the timerange is about 1 hour to about 2 hours. In some instances, the timerange is about 1 hour to about 4 hours.

In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein detect acomponent of the biological sample or a product thereof (e.g.,amplification product, conjugation product, binding product) in lessthan a given amount of time. In some instances, devices, systems andkits disclosed herein provide an analysis of a component of a biologicalsample or product thereof in less than a given amount of time. In someinstances, the amount of time is less than 1 minute. In some instances,the amount of time is less than 5 minutes. In some instances, the amountof time is less than 10 minutes. In some instances, the amount of timeis 15 minutes. In some instances, the amount of time is less than 20minutes. In some instances, the amount of time is less than 30 minutes.In some instances, the amount of time is less than 60 minutes. In someinstances, the amount of time is less than 2 hours. In some instances,the amount of time is less than 8 hours.

Communication & Information Storage

In general, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein comprise anucleic acid information output. The nucleic acid information output isconfigured to communicate genetic information from the sample to theuser. In some instances, the nucleic acid information output comprises acommunication connection or interface so that genetic informationobtained can be shared with others not physically present (e.g., familymember, physician, or genetic counselor). The communication connectionor interface may also allow for input from other sources. In someinstances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein comprise aninterface for receiving information based on the genetic informationobtained. The interface or communication connection may also receivenon-genetic information from the user (e.g., medical history, medicalconditions, age, weight, heart rate, blood pressure, physical activity,etc.). The interface or communication connection may also receiveinformation provided by someone or something other than the user. By wayof non-limiting example, this includes web-based information,information from a medical practitioner, and information from aninsurance company. In some instances, devices, systems and kitsdisclosed herein comprise an interface for communicating informationbased on the genetic information obtained. In some instances, theinterface provides a description of a genetic or chromosomalabnormality. In some instances, the interface provides a list of localcontacts, such as doctors, support groups, stores and service providers,which support families of children with a genetic or chromosomalabnormality. In some instances, the interface provides an online listingof products or services that would be useful to children with a geneticor chromosomal abnormality. In some instances, devices, systems and kitsdisclosed herein comprise an information storage unit, e.g., a computerchip. In some instances, the devices, systems and kits disclosed hereincomprise means to store genetic information securely. For example,devices, systems and kits disclosed herein may comprise a data chip or aconnection (wired or wireless) to a hard drive, server, database orcloud. Non-limiting examples of interfaces for devices and systemsdisclosed herein are shown in FIG. 4B and FIGS. 5A-E.

In some instances, the devices, systems and kits disclosed herein arecapable of collecting, encrypting, and/or storing information from usersin a secure manner. Non-limiting examples of such information includehealth information, information from their wearables, other tests theyhave done or will do, demographic information etc.

In some instances, the devices, systems and kits disclosed herein arecapable of communicating information about biomarkers in the biologicalsample to a communication device. In some instances the communicationdevice is capable of being connected to the internet (e.g., via port orwireless connection). In some instances the communication device isconnected to the internet. In some instances the communication device isnot connected to the internet. In some instances, devices, systems andkits disclosed herein are capable of communicating information aboutbiomarkers in the biological sample through the communication device tothe internet. Non-limiting examples of communication devices are cellphones, electronic notepads, and computers.

In some instances, devices, systems and kits disclosed herein comprise acommunication connection or a communication interface. In someembodiments, the communication interface provides a wired interface. Infurther embodiments, the wired communications interface utilizesUniversal Serial Bus (USB) (including mini-USB, micro-USB, USB Type A,USB Type B, and USB Type C), IEEE 1394 (FireWire), Thunderbolt,Ethernet, and optical interconnect.

In some embodiments, the communication interface provides a wirelessinterface. See, e.g., FIGS. 5A-E. In further embodiments, the wirelesscommunications interface utilizes a wireless communications protocolsuch as infrared, near-field communications (NFC) (including RFID),Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), ZigBee, ANT, IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi),Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Wireless Personal Area Network(WPAN), Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN), WiMAX, IEEE 802.16 (WorldwideInteroperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), or 3G/4G/LTE/5G cellularcommunication methods.

In some embodiments, devices, systems, kits, and methods describedherein include a digital processing device, or use of the same. Infurther embodiments, the digital processing device includes one or morehardware central processing units (CPUs) or general purpose graphicsprocessing units (GPGPUs) that carry out the device's functions. Instill further embodiments, the digital processing device furthercomprises an operating system configured to perform executableinstructions. In some embodiments, the digital processing deviceincludes a communication interface (e.g., network adapter) forcommunicating with one or more peripheral devices, one or more distinctdigital processing devices, one or more computing systems, one or morecomputer networks, and/or one or more communications networks.

In some embodiments, the digital processing device is communicativelycoupled to a computer network (“network”) with the aid of thecommunication interface. Suitable networks include, a personal areanetwork (PAN), a local area networks (LAN), a wide area network (WAN),an intranet, an extranet, the Internet (providing access to the WorldWide Web) and combinations thereof. The network in some cases is atelecommunication and/or data network. The network, in various cases,includes one or more computer servers, which enable distributedcomputing, such as cloud computing. The network, in some cases and withthe aid of the device, implements a peer-to-peer network, which enablesdevices coupled to the device to behave as a client or a server.

In accordance with the description herein, suitable digital processingdevices include, by way of non-limiting examples, server computers,desktop computers, laptop computers, notebook computers, sub-notebookcomputers, netbook computers, netpad computers, set-top computers, mediastreaming devices, handheld computers, Internet appliances, fitnesstrackers, smart watches, mobile smartphones, tablet computers, andpersonal digital assistants. Those of skill in the art will recognizethat many smartphones are suitable for use in the system describedherein. Those of skill in the art will also recognize that selecttelevisions, video players, and digital music players with optionalcomputer network connectivity are suitable for use in the systemdescribed herein. Suitable tablet computers include those with booklet,slate, and convertible configurations, known to those of skill in theart.

In some embodiments, the digital processing device includes an operatingsystem configured to perform executable instructions. The operatingsystem is, for example, software, including programs and data, whichmanages the device's hardware and provides services for execution ofapplications. Those of skill in the art will recognize that suitableserver operating systems include, by way of non-limiting examples,FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD®, Linux, Apple® Mac OS X Server®, Oracle®Solaris®, Windows Server®, and Novell® NetWare®. Those of skill in theart will recognize that suitable personal computer operating systemsinclude, by way of non-limiting examples, Microsoft® Windows®, Apple®Mac OS X®, UNIX®, and UNIX-like operating systems such as GNU/Linux®. Insome embodiments, the operating system is provided by cloud computing.Those of skill in the art will also recognize that suitable mobile smartphone operating systems include, by way of non-limiting examples, Nokia®Symbian® OS, Apple® iOS®, Research In Motion® BlackBerry OS®, Google®Android®, Microsoft® Windows Phone® OS, Microsoft® Windows Mobile® OS,Linux®, and Palm® WebOS®. Those of skill in the art will also recognizethat suitable media streaming device operating systems include, by wayof non-limiting examples, Apple TV®, Roku®, Boxee®, Google TV®, GoogleChromecast®, Amazon Fire®, and Samsung® HomeSync. In some instances, theoperating system comprises an Internet of Things (IoT) device.Non-limiting examples of an IoT device include Amazon's Alexa®,Microsoft's Cortana®, Apple Home Pod®, and Google Speaker®. In someinstances, devices, systems, and kits disclosed herein comprise avirtual reality and/or augmented reality system.

In some embodiments, devices, systems, and kits disclosed hereincomprise a storage and/or memory device. The storage and/or memorydevice is one or more physical apparatuses used to store data orprograms on a temporary or permanent basis. In some embodiments, thedevice is volatile memory and requires power to maintain storedinformation. In some embodiments, the device is non-volatile memory andretains stored information when the digital processing device is notpowered. In further embodiments, the non-volatile memory comprises flashmemory. In some embodiments, the non-volatile memory comprises dynamicrandom-access memory (DRAM). In some embodiments, the non-volatilememory comprises ferroelectric random access memory (FRAM). In someembodiments, the non-volatile memory comprises phase-change randomaccess memory (PRAM). In other embodiments, the device is a storagedevice including, by way of non-limiting examples, CD-ROMs, DVDs, flashmemory devices, magnetic disk drives, magnetic tapes drives, opticaldisk drives, and cloud computing based storage. In further embodiments,the storage and/or memory device is a combination of devices such asthose disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the digital processing device includes a display tosend visual information to a user. In some embodiments, the display is aliquid crystal display (LCD). In further embodiments, the display is athin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD). In someembodiments, the display is an organic light emitting diode (OLED)display. In various further embodiments, on OLED display is apassive-matrix OLED (PMOLED) or active-matrix OLED (AMOLED) display. Insome embodiments, the display is a plasma display. In other embodiments,the display is a video projector. In yet other embodiments, the displayis a head-mounted display in communication with the digital processingdevice, such as a VR headset.

In some embodiments, the digital processing device includes an inputdevice to receive information from a user. In some embodiments, theinput device is a keyboard. In some embodiments, the input device is apointing device including, by way of non-limiting examples, a mouse,trackball, track pad, joystick, game controller, or stylus. In someembodiments, the input device is a touch screen or a multi-touch screen.In other embodiments, the input device is a microphone to capture voiceor other sound input. In other embodiments, the input device is a videocamera or other sensor to capture motion or visual input. In furtherembodiments, the input device is a Kinect, Leap Motion, or the like. Instill further embodiments, the input device is a combination of devicessuch as those disclosed herein.

Mobile Application

In some embodiments, devices, systems, kits, and methods disclosedherein comprise a digital processing device, or use of the same, whereinthe digital processing device is provided with executable instructionsin the form of a mobile application. In some embodiments, the mobileapplication is provided to a mobile digital processing device at thetime it is manufactured. In other embodiments, the mobile application isprovided to a mobile digital processing device via the computer networkdescribed herein. Mobile applications disclosed herein may be configuredto locate, encrypt, index, and/or access information. Mobileapplications disclosed herein may be configured to acquire, encrypt,create, manipulate, index, and peruse data.

Referring to FIG. 5A, in a particular embodiment, a mobile applicationis configured to connect with, communicate with, and receive geneticinformation and other information from the devices, systems and kitsdisclosed herein. FIG. 5A is a diagram depicting various functions thatthe mobile application optionally provides to users. In this embodiment,the mobile application optionally provides: 1) a personalized, tailoreduser experience (UX) based on the personal information and preferencesof the user; 2) an interactive text-, audio-, and/or video-driveninstructional experience to inform the user how to utilize the devices,systems, and kits; 3) a content platform that provides the user withaccess to articles, news, media, games, and the like; and 4) tools fortracking and sharing information, test results, and events.

Referring to FIG. 5B, in a particular embodiment, the mobile applicationoptionally includes an interactive interface providing a step-by-stepwalkthrough to guide a user through use of the devices, systems and kitsdisclosed herein. In various embodiments, the interactive walkthroughincludes text, images, animations, audio, video, and the like to informand instruct the user.

Referring to FIG. 5C, in a particular embodiment, the mobile applicationoptionally includes a home screen allowing a user to access the mobileapplication functionality disclosed herein. In this embodiment, the homescreen includes a personalized greeting as well as interface elementsallowing the user to start a test, view current and historic testresults, share test results, and interact with a larger community ofusers.

Referring to FIG. 5D, in a particular embodiment, the mobile applicationoptionally includes a progress diagram informing a user of the status ofa process for connecting to a device, system, or kit disclosed herein.In this embodiment, the diagram shows all the steps and indicates thecurrent step. The steps are: 1) pair with the device via, for example,Bluetooth; 2) detect a sample in the device; and 3) wait for the sampleto be processed. In some embodiments, the diagram is interactive,animated, or augmented with media or other content.

Referring to FIG. 5E, in a particular embodiment, the mobile applicationoptionally includes a social sharing screen allowing a user to accessfeatures to share test results. Many services, platforms, and networksare suitable for sharing test results and other information and events.Suitable social networking and sharing platforms include, by way ofnon-limiting examples, Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, LinkedIn, Pinterest,Google Plus+, Tumblr, Instagram, Reddit, VK, Snapchat, Flickr, Vine,Meetup, Ask.fm, Classmates, QQ, WeChat, Swarm by Foursquare, Kik, YikYak, Shots, Periscope, Medium, Soundcloud, Tinder, WhatsApp, Snap Chat,Slack, Musical.ly, Peach, Blab, Renren, Sina Weibo, Renren, Line, andMomo. In some embodiments, the test results are shared by SMS, MMS orinstant message. In some embodiments, the test results are shared byemail.

In some embodiments, the mobile application optionally includes a homescreen allowing a user to access additional features such as a blog andtimeline of important information and events related to the testresults, which is optionally shared. In various embodiments, suitableinformation and events include those pertaining to clinical trialoutcomes, newly marketed therapeutics, nutrition, exercise, fetaldevelopment, health, etc. In this embodiment, the home screen furtherincludes access to user preferences and settings.

In some instances, devices and systems disclosed herein are incommunication with the mobile application. The mobile application mayprovide for obtaining a Patient ID and electronic health record (EHR),arranging device shipment (to and/or from a user), online ordering oftest results. The mobile application may provide for tracking a deviceor a portion thereof (e.g., shipping/storage compartment), orinformation obtained with the device, from one point to another. Variouspoints may be selected from shipping, home, sample processinglaboratory, and physician's office.

In view of the disclosure provided herein, a mobile application iscreated by techniques known to those of skill in the art using hardware,languages, and development environments known to the art. Those of skillin the art will recognize that mobile applications are written inseveral languages. Suitable programming languages include, by way ofnon-limiting examples, C, C++, C#, Objective-C, Java™, Javascript,Pascal, Object Pascal, Python™, Ruby, VB.NET, WML, and XHTML/HTML withor without CSS, or combinations thereof.

Suitable mobile application development environments are available fromseveral sources. Commercially available development environmentsinclude, by way of non-limiting examples, AirplaySDK, alcheMo,Appcelerator, Celsius, Bedrock, Flash Lite, .NET Compact Framework,Rhomobile, and WorkLight Mobile Platform. Other development environmentsare available without cost including, by way of non-limiting examples,Lazarus, MobiFlex, MoSync, and Phonegap. Also, mobile devicemanufacturers distribute software developer kits including, by way ofnon-limiting examples, iPhone and iPad (iOS) SDK, Android™ SDK,BlackBerry® SDK, BREW SDK, Palm® OS SDK, Symbian SDK, webOS SDK, andWindows® Mobile SDK.

Those of skill in the art will recognize that several commercial forumsare available for distribution of mobile applications including, by wayof non-limiting examples, Apple® App Store, Google® Play, Chrome WebStore, BlackBerry® App World, App Store for Palm devices, App Catalogfor webOS, Windows® Marketplace for Mobile, Ovi Store for Nokia®devices, and Samsung® Apps.

Aspects Related to Devices, Systems, Kits and Methods

The following aspects are related to devices, systems, kits and methodsdisclosed herein. Devices, systems, kits and methods disclosed hereinare generally designed to process and analyze cell-free nucleic acids inbiological samples of female subjects. The following descriptions ofcell-free nucleic acids, biological samples, and subjects may aid inunderstanding the utility of devices, systems, kits and methodsdisclosed herein.

Diseases and Conditions

Disclosed herein are devices, systems, kits and methods for detectingthe presence, absence, or severity of a disease or condition in asubject. In some instances, the disease or condition is due to a geneticmutation. The genetic mutation may be inherited (e.g., the mutation waspresent in an ancestor or relative). The genetic mutation may be aspontaneous mutation (e.g., an error in DNA replication or repair). Thegenetic mutation may be due to exposure to an environmental factor(e.g., UV light, carcinogen). By way of non-limiting example, thegenetic mutation may be selected from a frameshift mutation, aninsertion mutation, a deletion mutation, a substitution mutation, asingle nucleotide polymorphism, a copy number variation, and achromosomal translocation.

In some instances, the disease or condition is due to an environmentalfactor (e.g., carcinogen, diet, stress, pathogen). In some instances,the environmental factor causes a genetic mutation. In other instances,the environmental factor does not cause a genetic mutation. In someinstances, the environmental factor causes a change in one or moreepigenetic modifications in a subject relative to a healthy individual.In some instances, the environmental factor causes a change in one ormore epigenetic modifications in a subject relative to that of thesubject at an earlier time point.

Devices, systems, kits and methods disclosed herein may be used todetect or monitor a disease or condition that affects one or moretissues, organs or cell types. The disease or condition may cause arelease of nucleic acids from one or more tissues, organs or cell types.The disease or condition may increase a release of nucleic acids fromone or more tissues, organs or cell types relative to a correspondingrelease occurring in a healthy individual. A tissue may be classified asepithial, connective, muscle, or nervous tissue. Non-limiting examplesof tissues are adipose, muscle, connective tissue, mammary tissue, andbone marrow. Non-limiting examples of organs are brain, thymus, thyroid,lung, heart, spleen, liver, kidney, pancreas, stomach, small intestine,large intestine, colon, prostate, ovary, uterus, and urinary bladder.Non-limiting examples of cell types are endothelial cells, vascularsmooth muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, pancreatic beta cells,adipocytes, neurons, endometrial cells, immune cells (T cells, B cells,dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages, Kupffer cells, microglia).

Devices, systems, kits and methods disclosed herein may be used todetect or monitor general health. Devices, systems, kits and methodsdisclosed herein may be used to detect or monitor fitness. Devices,systems, kits and methods disclosed herein may be used to detect ormonitor the health of an organ transplant recipient and/or the health ofthe transplanted organ.

The disease or condition may comprise an abnormal cell growth orproliferation. The disease or condition may comprise leukemia.Non-limiting types of leukemia include acute lymphoblastic leukemia(ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute myelogenous leukemia(AML), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and hairy cell leukemia(HCL). The disease or condition may comprise a lymphoma. The lymphomamay be a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (e.g., B cell lymphoma, diffuse largeB-cell lymphoma, T cell lymphoma, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia) or aHodgkin's lymphoma. The disease or condition may comprise a cancer. Thecancer may be breast cancer. The cancer may be lung cancer. The cancermay be esophageal cancer. The cancer may be pancreatic cancer. Thecancer may be ovarian cancer. The cancer may be uterine cancer. Thecancer may be cervical cancer. The cancer may be testicular cancer. Thecancer may be prostate cancer. The cancer may be bladder cancer. Thecancer may be colon cancer. The cancer may be a sarcoma. The cancer maybe an adenocarcinoma. The cancer may be isolated, that is it has notspread to other tissues besides the organ or tissue where the canceroriginated. The cancer may be metastatic. The cancer may have spread toneighboring tissues. The cancer may have spread to cells, tissues ororgans in physical contact with the organ or tissue where the canceroriginated. The cancer may have spread to cells, tissues or organs notin physical contact with the organ or tissue where the canceroriginated. The cancer may be in an early stage, such as Stage 0(abnormal cell with the potential to become cancer) or Stage 1 (smalland confined to one tissue). The cancer may be intermediate, such asStage 2 or Stage 3, grown into tissues and lymph nodes in physicalcontact with the tissue of the original tumor. The cancer may beadvanced, such as Stage 4 or Stage 5, wherein the cancer hasmetastasized to tissues that are distant (e.g., not adjacent or inphysical contact) to the tissue of the original tumor. In someinstances, the cancer is not advanced. In some instances, the cancer isnot metastatic. In some instances, the cancer is metastatic.

The disease or condition may comprise an autoimmune disorder. Autoimmuneand immune disorders include, but are not limited to, type 1 diabetes,rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, lupus, inflammatorybowel disease, Addison's Disease, Graves Disease, Crohn's Disease andCeliac disease.

The disease or condition may comprise a metabolic disorder. Metabolicconditions and disease, include, but are not limited to obesity, athyroid disorder, hypertension, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes,non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, coronary artery disease, andatherosclerosis.

The disease or condition may comprise a cardiovascular condition.Non-limiting examples of cardiovascular conditions are atherosclerosis,myocardial infarction, pericarditis, myocarditis, ischemic stroke,hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy,congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis, aorticaneurysms, peripheral artery disease, thromboembolic disease, and venousthrombosis.

The disease or condition may comprise a neurological disorder. Theneurological disorder may comprise a neurodegenerative disease.Non-limiting examples of neurodegenerative and neurological disordersare Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease,Spinocerebellar ataxia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), motorneuron disease, chronic pain, and spinal muscular atrophy. Devices,systems, kits and methods disclosed herein may be used to test for,detect, and/or monitor a psychiatric disorder in a subject and/or aresponse to a drug to treat the psychiatric disorder.

The disease or condition may comprise an infection. The disease orcondition may be caused by an infection. The disease or condition may beexacerbated by an infection. The infection may be a viral infection. Theinfection may be a bacterial infection. The infection may be a fungalinfection.

The disease or condition may be associated with aging. Disease andconditions associated with aging include, but are not limited to,cancer, osteoporosis, dementia, macular degeneration, metabolicconditions, and neurodegenerative disorders.

The disease or condition may be a blood disorder. Non-limiting examplesof blood disorders are anemia, hemophilia, blood clotting andthrombophilia. For example, detecting thrombophilia may comprisedetecting a polymorphism present in a gene selected from Factor V Leiden(FVL), prothrombin gene (PT G20210A), and methylenetetrahydrofolatereductase (MTHFR).

The disease or condition may be an allergy or intolerance to a food,liquid or drug. By way of non-limiting example, a subject can beallergic or intolerant to lactose, wheat, soy, dairy, caffeine, alcohol,nuts, shellfish, and eggs. A subject could also be allergic orintolerant to a drug, a supplement or a cosmetic. In some instances,methods comprise analyzing genetic markers that are predictive of skintype or skin health.

In some instances, the condition is associated with an allergy. In someinstances, the subject is not diagnosed with a disease or condition, butis experiencing symptoms that indicate a disease or condition ispresent. In other instances, the subject is already diagnosed with adisease or condition, and the devices, systems, kits and methodsdisclosed herein are useful for monitoring the disease or condition, oran effect of a drug on the disease or condition.

Chromosomal Abnormalities

Disclosed herein are devices, systems, kits and methods for detectingchromosomal abnormalities. Those of skill in the field may also refer tochromosomal abnormalities as chromosomal aberrations. In some instances,the chromosomal abnormality is a chromosomal duplication. In someinstances, the chromosomal abnormality is a chromosomal deletion. Insome instances, the chromosomal abnormality is deletion of an arm of achromosome. In some instances, the chromosomal abnormality is a partialdeletion of an arm of a chromosome. In some instances, the chromosomalabnormality comprises at least one copy of a gene. In some instances,the chromosomal abnormality is due to a breakage of a chromosome. Insome instances, the chromosomal abnormality is due to a translocation ofa portion of a first chromosome to a portion of a second chromosome.

Many known chromosomal abnormalities results in chromosomal disorders.Thus, the devices, systems, kits and methods disclosed herein may beused for detecting chromosomal disorders. By way of non-limitingexample, chromosomal disorders include Down's syndrome (trisomy 21),Edward's syndrome (trisomy 18), Patau syndrome (trisomy 13), Cri du chatsyndrome (partial deletion of short arm of chromosome 5),Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (deletion of short arm of chromosome 4),Jacobsen syndrome (deletion of long arm of chromosome 11), diGeorge'ssyndrome (small deletion of chromosome 22), Klinefelter's syndrome(presence of additional X chromosome in males), and Turner syndrome(presence of only a single X chromosome in females).

Biological Samples

Disclosed herein are devices, systems, kits and methods for analyzingcell-free nucleic acids in a biological sample. Non-limiting examples ofbiological samples include samples of whole blood, plasma, serum,saliva, urine, sweat, tears, and vaginal fluid. In some instances, thebiological sample comprises whole blood. In some instances, thebiological sample is an environmental sample that contains biologicalmatter. For instance, the biological sample may be a food sample orwater sample that contains a virus, bacteria or a fragment/particlethereof.

Methods, systems and kits described herein generally detect and quantifycell-free nucleic acids. For this reason, biological samples describedherein are generally biological fluids that are substantially acellularor can be modified to be acellular biological fluids. Samples fromsubjects, by way of non-limiting example, may be blood from which cellsare removed, plasma, serum, urine, saliva, or vaginal fluid. Forinstance, the cell-free nucleic acid may be circulating in thebloodstream of the subject, and therefore the detection reagent may beused to detect or quantify the marker in a blood or serum sample fromthe subject. The terms “plasma” and “serum” are used interchangeablyherein, unless otherwise noted. However, in some cases they are includedin a single list of sample species to indicate that both are covered bythe description or claim. In some instances, the biological fluid doesnot comprise amniotic fluid.

In some instances, devices, systems, kits and methods disclosed hereinare capable of removing cells from a biological sample. The resultingsample may be referred to as a cell-depleted sample. The cell-depletedsample may have at least 95% fewer whole, intact cells than thebiological sample. The cell-depleted sample may have at least 90% fewerwhole, intact cells than the biological sample. The cell-depleted samplemay have at least 80% fewer whole, intact cells than the biologicalsample. The cell-depleted sample may have at least about 75%, at leastabout 70%, at least about 60%, at least about 50%, at least about 40%,or at least about 25% fewer whole, intact cells than the biologicalsample. The cell-depleted sample may be completely free of any whole,intact cells.

Blood obtained from capillaries (e.g., blood vessels of extremities likefingers, toes) may be referred to herein as “capillary blood.” Bloodobtained from veins (e.g., arm, middle of hand) may be referred toherein as “venous blood.” Common veins for venipuncture to obtain venousblood are the median cubital vein, cephalic vein, basilic vein, anddorsal metacarpal veins. In some instances, the biological samplecomprises capillary blood. In some instances, the biological sampleconsists essentially of capillary blood. In some instances, thebiological sample consists of capillary blood. In some embodiments, thebiological sample does not comprise venous blood. In some instances, thebiological sample comprises plasma. In some instances, the biologicalsample consists essentially of plasma. In some instances, the biologicalsample consists of plasma. In some instances, the biological samplecomprises serum. In some instances, the biological sample consistsessentially of serum. In some instances, the biological sample consistsof serum. In some instances, the biological sample comprises urine. Insome instances, the biological sample consists essentially of urine. Insome instances, the biological sample consists of urine. In someinstances, the biological sample comprises saliva. In some instances,the biological sample consists essentially of saliva. In some instances,the biological sample consists of saliva. In some instances, thebiological fluid comprises vaginal fluid. In some instances, thebiological fluid consists essentially of vaginal fluid. In someinstances, the biological fluid consists of vaginal fluid. In someinstances, the vaginal fluid is obtained by performing a vaginal swab ofthe pregnant subject. In some instances, the biological fluid comprisesinterstitial fluid. In some instances, the biological fluid consistsessentially of interstitial fluid. In some instances, the biologicalfluid comprises synovial fluid. In some instances, the biological fluidconsists essentially of synovial fluid. In some instances, thebiological fluid comprises fluid from a liquid biopsy. In someinstances, the biological fluid consists essentially of fluid from aliquid biopsy. An example of a liquid biopsy is obtaining blood from acancer patient and testing for nucleic acids that have been releasedinto the blood stream from a tumor or cancer cells. Nucleic acids may bereleased from tumor or cancer cells due to necrosis, apoptosis,autophagy, and cancer therapies that cause death/damage to cancer cells.

In some instances, the biological sample is whole blood. Generally, thedevices, systems, kits, and methods disclosed herein are capable ofanalyzing cell-free nucleic acids from very small samples of wholeblood. In some instances, the small sample of whole blood maybe obtainedwith a finger prick, such as performed with a lancet or pin/needle. Insome instances, the small sample of whole blood maybe obtained without aphlebotomy.

In some instances, the devices, systems, kits, and methods disclosedherein require at least about 1 μL of blood to provide a test resultwith at least about 95% confidence or accuracy. In some instances, thedevices, systems, kits, and methods disclosed herein require at leastabout 10 μL of blood to provide a test result with at least about 95%confidence or accuracy. In some instances, the devices, systems, kits,and methods disclosed herein require at least about 20 μL of blood toprovide a test result with at least about 95% confidence or accuracy. Insome instances, the devices, systems and kits disclosed herein requireat least about 30 μL of blood to provide a test result with at leastabout 95% confidence or accuracy. In some instances, the devices,systems and kits disclosed herein require at least about 40 μL of bloodto provide a test result with at least about 95% confidence or accuracy.In some instances, the devices, systems and kits disclosed hereinrequire at least about 50 μL of blood to provide a test result with atleast about 95% confidence or accuracy. In some instances, the devices,systems and kits disclosed herein require at least about 60 μL of bloodto provide a test result with at least about 95% confidence or accuracy.In some instances, the devices, systems and kits disclosed hereinrequire at least about 70 μL of blood to provide a test result with atleast about 95% confidence or accuracy.

In some instances, the devices, systems and kits disclosed hereinrequire at least about 1 μL of blood to provide a test result with atleast about 99% confidence or accuracy. In some instances, the devices,systems and kits disclosed herein require at least about 10 μL of bloodto provide a test result with at least about 99% confidence or accuracy.In some instances, the devices, systems and kits disclosed hereinrequire at least about 20 μL of blood to provide a test result with atleast about 99% confidence or accuracy. In some instances, the devices,systems and kits disclosed herein require at least about 30 μL of bloodto provide a test result with at least about 99% confidence or accuracy.In some instances, the devices, systems and kits disclosed hereinrequire at least about 40 μL of blood to provide a test result with atleast about 99% confidence or accuracy. In some instances, the devices,systems and kits disclosed herein require at least about 60 μL of bloodto provide a test result with at least about 99% confidence or accuracy.In some instances, the devices, systems and kits disclosed hereinrequire at least about 80 μL of blood to provide a test result with atleast about 99% confidence or accuracy. In some instances, the devices,systems and kits disclosed herein require at least about 100 μL of bloodto provide a test result with at least about 90% confidence or accuracy.

In some instances, the method comprise obtaining only about 1 μL toabout 500 μL of blood to provide a test result with at least about 95%confidence or accuracy. In some instances, the method comprise obtainingonly about 10 μL to about 200 μL of blood to provide a test result withat least about 95% confidence or accuracy. In some instances, the methodcomprise obtaining only about 15 μL to about 150 μL of blood to providea test result with at least about 95% confidence or accuracy. In someinstances, the method comprise obtaining only about 20 μL to about 100μL of blood to provide a test result with at least about 95% confidenceor accuracy. In some instances, the devices, systems and kits disclosedherein require only about 20 μL to about 100 μL of blood to provide atest result with at least about 98% confidence or accuracy. In someinstances, the devices, systems and kits disclosed herein require onlyabout 20 μL to about 100 μL of blood to provide a test result with atleast about 99% confidence or accuracy. In some instances, the devices,systems and kits disclosed herein require only about 20 μL to about 100μL of blood to provide a test result with about 99.5% confidence oraccuracy. In some instances, the devices, systems and kits disclosedherein require only about 20 μL to about 100 μL of blood to provide atest result with about 99.9% confidence or accuracy.

In some instances, the biological sample is plasma or serum. Plasma orserum makes up roughly 55% of whole blood. In some instances, thedevices, systems, kits, and methods disclosed herein require at leastabout 1 μL of plasma or serum to provide a test result with at leastabout 95% confidence or accuracy. In some instances, the devices,systems, kits, and methods disclosed herein require at least about 10 μLof plasma or serum to provide a test result with at least about 95%confidence or accuracy. In some instances, the devices, systems and kitsdisclosed herein require at least about 20 μL of plasma or serum toprovide a test result with at least about 95% confidence or accuracy. Insome instances, the devices, systems and kits disclosed herein requireat least about 30 μL of plasma or serum to provide a test result with atleast about 95% confidence or accuracy. In some instances, the devices,systems and kits disclosed herein require at least about 40 μL of plasmaor serum to provide a test result with at least about 95% confidence oraccuracy. In some instances, the devices, systems and kits disclosedherein require at least about 50 μL of plasma or serum to provide a testresult with at least about 95% confidence or accuracy. In someinstances, the devices, systems and kits disclosed herein require atleast about 10 μL of plasma or serum to provide a test result with atleast about 99% confidence or accuracy. In some instances, the devices,systems and kits disclosed herein require at least about 20 μL of plasmaor serum to provide a test result with at least about 99% confidence oraccuracy. In some instances, the devices, systems and kits disclosedherein require at least about 30 μL of plasma or serum to provide a testresult with at least about 99% confidence or accuracy. In someinstances, the devices, systems and kits disclosed herein require atleast about 40 μL of plasma or serum to provide a test result with atleast about 99% confidence or accuracy. In some instances, the devices,systems and kits disclosed herein require at least about 50 μL of plasmaor serum to provide a test result with at least about 99% confidence oraccuracy. In some instances, the devices, systems and kits disclosedherein require only about 10 μL to about 50 μL of plasma or serum toprovide a test result with at least about 95% confidence or accuracy. Insome instances, the devices, systems and kits disclosed herein requireonly about 20 μL to about 60 μL of plasma or serum to provide a testresult with at least about 95% confidence or accuracy. In someinstances, the devices, systems and kits disclosed herein require onlyabout 10 μL to about 50 μL of plasma or serum to provide a test resultwith at least about 99% confidence or accuracy.

In some instances, the biological sample is saliva. In some instances,the devices, systems, kits, and methods disclosed herein require atleast about 100 μL of saliva to provide a test result with at leastabout 95% confidence or accuracy. In some instances, the devices,systems, kits, and methods disclosed herein require at least about 200μL of saliva to provide a test result with at least about 95% confidenceor accuracy. In some instances, the devices, systems, kits, and methodsdisclosed herein require at least about 500 μL of saliva to provide atest result with at least about 95% confidence or accuracy. In someinstances, the devices, systems, kits, and methods disclosed hereinrequire at least about 1 ml of saliva to provide a test result with atleast about 95% confidence or accuracy. In some instances, the devices,systems, kits, and methods disclosed herein require at least about 2 mlof saliva to provide a test result with at least about 95% confidence oraccuracy. In some instances, the devices, systems, kits, and methodsdisclosed herein require at least about 3 ml of saliva to provide a testresult with at least about 95% confidence or accuracy.

In some instances, the biological sample is vaginal fluid. In someinstances, the devices, systems, kits, and methods disclosed hereinrequire at least about 50 μL of vaginal fluid to provide a test resultwith at least about 95% confidence or accuracy. In some instances, thedevices, systems, kits, and methods disclosed herein require at leastabout 100 μL of vaginal fluid to provide a test result with at leastabout 95% confidence or accuracy. In some instances, the devices,systems, kits, and methods disclosed herein require at least about 200μL of vaginal fluid to provide a test result with at least about 95%confidence or accuracy. In some instances, the devices, systems, kits,and methods disclosed herein require at least about 500 μL of vaginalfluid to provide a test result with at least about 95% confidence oraccuracy. In some instances, the devices, systems, kits, and methodsdisclosed herein require at least about 1 ml of vaginal fluid to providea test result with at least about 95% confidence or accuracy. In someinstances, the devices, systems, kits, and methods disclosed hereinrequire at least about 2 ml of vaginal fluid to provide a test resultwith at least about 95% confidence or accuracy. In some instances, thedevices, systems, kits, and methods disclosed herein require at leastabout 3 ml of vaginal fluid to provide a test result with at least about95% confidence or accuracy.

In some instances, biological samples disclosed herein comprisecell-free nucleic acids wherein a fraction of the cell-free nucleicacids are from a foreign tissue or an abnormal tissue. The cell-freenucleic acids in the fraction may be referred to as “foreign cell-freenucleic acids” or “foreign cell-free nucleic acids.” By way ofnon-limiting example, the foreign or abnormal tissue may comprise atissue or organ that has been transplanted into the subject. The foreignor abnormal tissue may be referred to as donor tissue and the subjectmay be referred to as host tissue. Also by way of non-limiting example,an abnormal tissue may comprise a tumor. In some instances, the fractionis a fraction of all (total) cell-free nucleic acids in the biologicalsample, wherein the fraction comprises the foreign or abnormal cell-freenucleic acids. In some instances, the fraction consists essentially ofthe foreign or abnormal cell-free nucleic acids. In some instances, theforeign or abnormal cell-free nucleic acids comprise DNA. In someinstances, the foreign or abnormal cell-free nucleic acids comprise RNA.In some instances, the foreign or abnormal cell-free nucleic acidsconsist essentially of DNA. In some instances, the foreign or abnormalcell-free nucleic acids consist essentially of RNA.

The fraction of cell-free nucleic acids that are from a foreign orabnormal tissue may be characterized as a percentage of the totalcell-free nucleic acids in a sample. In some instances, the fraction ofthe cell-free nucleic acids that are from a foreign or abnormal tissueis less than 25%. In some instances, the fraction of the cell-freenucleic acids that are from a foreign or abnormal tissue is less than20%. In some instances, the fraction is less than 15%. In someinstances, the fraction is less than 10%. In some instances, thefraction is less than 8%. In some instances the fraction is less than6%. In some instances, the fraction is less than 5%. In some instances,the fraction is less than 4%. In some instances, the fraction is lessthan 2%. In some instances, the fraction is at least 1%. In someinstances, the fraction is about 1.5% to about 15%. In some instances,the fraction is about 2% to about 12%. In some instances, the fractionis about 4% to about 10%. In some instances, the fraction is about 4% toabout 9%. In some instances, the fetal fraction is about 4% to about 8%.In some instances, the fetal fraction is about 1% to about 5%. In someinstances, the fetal fraction is about 1% to about 4%.

In some instances, biological samples disclosed herein comprisecell-free nucleic acids wherein a fraction of the cell-free nucleicacids are from a fetus. This fraction may be referred to as a fetalfraction. In some instances, the fetal fraction is a fraction of all(total) nucleic acids in the biological sample, wherein the fractionconsists of fetal nucleic acids. In some instances, the nucleic acidsand/or fetal nucleic acids comprise DNA. In some instances, the nucleicacids and/or fetal nucleic acids comprise RNA. In some instances, thenucleic acids and/or fetal nucleic acids consist essentially of DNA. Insome instances, the nucleic acids and/or fetal nucleic acids compriseDNA and RNA. In some instances, the fetal fraction is about 1.5% toabout 15% of the total cell-free nucleic acids in the biological sample.In some instances, the fetal fraction is about 2% to about 12% of thetotal cell-free nucleic acids in the biological sample. In someinstances, the fetal fraction is about 4% to about 10% of the totalcell-free nucleic acids in the biological sample. In some instances, thefetal fraction is about 4% to about 9% of the total cell-free nucleicacids in the biological sample. In some instances, the fetal fraction isabout 4% to about 8% of the total cell-free nucleic acids in thebiological sample. In some instances, the fetal fraction is about 1% toabout 5% of the total cell-free nucleic acids in the biological sample.In some instances, the fetal fraction is about 1% to about 4% of thetotal cell-free nucleic acids in the biological sample. In someinstances, at least a portion of fetal nucleic acids are from the fetus.In some instances, at least a portion of the fetal nucleic acids arefrom the placenta. In some instances, at least a portion of fetalnucleic acids are from the fetus and at least a portion of the fetalnucleic acids are from the placenta. In some instances, the fetalnucleic acids are only from the fetus. In some instances, the fetalnucleic acids are only from the placenta. In some instances, the fetalnucleic acids are all nucleic acids from the fetus and the placenta. Insome instances, the fetal nucleic acids are not from a maternal tissueor maternal fluid. In some instances, the maternal tissue is a maternaltissue other than the placenta. In some instances, the maternal fluid isa maternal fluid other than the amniotic fluid.

In some instances, methods disclosed herein comprise modifying thebiological fluid to make the biological sample compatible withamplifying or sequencing. In some instances, methods disclosed hereinmay comprise adding a buffer, salt, protein, or nucleic acid to thebiological sample. By way of non-limiting example, EDTA may be added toa blood sample to prevent coagulation. For simplicity, such a modifiedbiological sample is still referred to as the ‘biological sample.’

Cell-Free Nucleic Acids

In some instances, the compositions and methods of the instantdisclosure are useful for evaluating a cell-free nucleic acid in abiological sample. The cell-free nucleic acid could be from an animal.The cell-free nucleic acid could be from a mammal. The cell-free nucleicacid could be from a human subject. The cell-free nucleic acid could befrom a plant. The cell-free nucleic acid could be from a pathogen. Thecell-free nucleic acid could be from a pathogen that is present in thebiological sample, wherein the biological sample is from an animal. Thecell-free nucleic acid could be from a pathogen that is present in thebiological sample, wherein the biological sample is from a humansubject. The pathogen may comprise bacteria or a component thereof. Thepathogen may be a virus or a component thereof. The pathogen may be afungus or a component thereof.

In some instances, the cell-free nucleic acid is DNA (cf-DNA). In someinstances, the cell-free nucleic acid is genomic DNA. In some instances,the cell-free nucleic acid is RNA (cf-RNA). In some instances, thecell-free nucleic acid is a nucleic acid from a cell of a fetus,referred to herein as a cell-free fetal nucleic acid. In some instances,the cell-free fetal nucleic acid is cell-free fetal DNA (cff-DNA) orcell-free fetal RNA (cff-RNA). In some instances, the cf-DNA or cff-DNAis genomic DNA. In some instances, the cell-free nucleic acid is in theform of complementary DNA (cDNA), generated by reverse transcription ofa cf-RNA or cff-RNA. In some instances, the cf-DNA comprisesmitochondrial DNA. In some instances, the cf-RNA or cff-RNA is amessenger RNA (mRNA), a microRNA (miRNA), mitochondrial RNA, or anatural antisense RNA (NAS-RNA). In some instances, the cell-freenucleic acid is a mixture of maternal and fetal nucleic acid. Acell-free fetal nucleic acid that circulates in the maternal bloodstreamcan be referred to as a “circulating cell-free nucleic acid” or a“circulatory extracellular DNA.” In some instances, the cell-freenucleic acid comprises epigenetic modifications. In some instances, thecell-free nucleic acid comprises a pattern of epigenetic modificationsthat corresponds to gender or other genetic information of interest. Insome instances, the cell-free nucleic acid comprises methylatedcytosines. In some instances, the cell-free nucleic acid comprises acytosine methylation pattern that corresponds to gender or other geneticinformation of interest.

In some instances, methods, devices, systems and kits disclosed hereinare configured to detect or quantify cellular nucleic acids, such asnucleic acids from disrupted cells or lysed cells. In some instances,cellular nucleic acids are from cells that are intentionally disruptedor lysed. In some instances, cellular nucleic acids are from cells thatare unintentionally disrupted or lysed. Methods, devices, systems andkits disclosed herein may be configured to analyze intentionallydisrupted or lysed cells, but not unintentionally disrupted or lysedcells. In some instances, less than about 0.1% of the total nucleicacids in the biological sample are cellular nucleic acids. In someinstances, less than about 1% of the total nucleic acids in thebiological sample are cellular nucleic acids. In some instances, lessthan about 5% of the total nucleic acids in the biological sample arecellular nucleic acids. In some instances, less than about 10% of thetotal nucleic acids in the biological sample are cellular nucleic acids.In some instances, less than about 20% of the total nucleic acids in thebiological sample are cellular nucleic acids. In some instances, lessthan about 30% of the total nucleic acids in the biological sample arecellular nucleic acids. In some instances, less than about 40% of thetotal nucleic acids in the biological sample are cellular nucleic acids.In some instances, less than about 50% of the total nucleic acids in thebiological sample are cellular nucleic acids. In some instances, lessthan about 60% of the total nucleic acids in the biological sample arecellular nucleic acids. In some instances, less than about 70% of thetotal nucleic acids in the biological sample are cellular nucleic acids.In some instances, less than about 80% of the total nucleic acids in thebiological sample are cellular nucleic acids. In some instances, lessthan about 90% of the total nucleic acids in the biological sample arecellular nucleic acids. In some instances, devices, systems, kits andmethods comprise an experimental control or use thereof. In someinstances, the experimental control comprises a nucleic acid, a protein,a peptide, an antibody, an antigen binding antibody fragment, a bindingmoiety. In some instances, the experimental control comprises a signalfor detecting the experimental control. Non-limiting examples of signalsare fluorescent molecules, dye molecules, nanoparticles, andcolorimetric indicators. In some instances, the experimental controlcomprises a cell-free nucleic acid. In some instances, the cell-freenucleic acid comprises a cell-free fetal nucleic acid. In someinstances, the cell-free nucleic acid comprises a maternal cell-freenucleic acid. In some instances, the cell-free nucleic acid comprises amaternal cell-free nucleic acid (e.g., to assess the amount of cellulardisruption/lysis that occurs during sample processing). In someinstances, the cell-free nucleic acid comprises a sequence correspondingto an autosome. In some instances, the cell-free nucleic acid comprisesa sequence corresponding to sex chromosome. In some instances, thecell-free nucleic acid comprises a sequence corresponding to achromosome that is possibly aneuploidy (e.g., chromosome 13, 16, 18, 21,22, X, Y). In some instances, the cell-free nucleic acid comprises asequence corresponding to a chromosome that is very unlikely to beaneuploidy (e.g., chromosome 1-12, 14, 15, 17, 19, or 20).

In some instances, the biological sample comprises a maternal body fluidsample. In some instances, the maternal bodily fluid sample comprisesblood, e.g., whole blood, a peripheral blood sample, or a blood fraction(plasma, serum). In some instances, the maternal body fluid samplecomprises sweat, tears, sputum, urine, ear flow, lymph, saliva,cerebrospinal fluid, bone marrow suspension, vaginal fluid,transcervical lavage, brain fluid, ascites, or milk. In some instances,the maternal body fluid sample comprises secretions of the respiratory,intestinal and genitourinary tracts, amniotic fluid, or a leukophoresissample. In some instances, the biological fluid sample is a maternalbody fluid sample that is can be obtained easily by non-invasiveprocedures, e.g., blood, plasma, serum, sweat, tears, sputum, urine, earflow, or saliva. In some instances, the sample is a combination of atleast two body fluid samples. In some instances, the cell-free fetalnucleic acid originates from the maternal placenta, e.g., from apoptosedplacental cells. In some instances, the biological sample is placentalblood.

In some instances, a nucleic acid evaluated or analyzed by devices,systems, kits, and methods disclosed herein has a preferable length. Insome instances, the nucleic acid is a cell-free fetal DNA fragment. Insome instances, the cell-free fetal DNA fragment is from a Y chromosome.In some instances, the nucleic acid is about 15 bp to about 500 bp inlength. In some instances, the nucleic acid is about 50 bp in length toabout 200 bp in length. In some instances, the nucleic acid is at leastabout 15 bp in length. In some instances, the nucleic acid is at mostabout 500 bp in length. In instances, the nucleic acid is about 15 bp inlength to about 50 bp in length, about 15 bp in length to about 75 bp inlength, about 15 bp in length to about 100 bp in length, about 15 bp inlength to about 150 bp in length, about 15 bp in length to about 200 bpin length, about 15 bp in length to about 250 bp in length, about 15 bpin length to about 300 bp in length, about 15 bp in length to about 350bp in length, about 15 bp in length to about 400 bp in length, about 15bp in length to about 450 bp in length, about 15 bp in length to about500 bp in length, about 50 bp in length to about 75 bp in length, about50 bp in length to about 100 bp in length, about 50 bp in length toabout 150 bp in length, about 50 bp in length to about 200 bp in length,about 50 bp in length to about 250 bp in length, about 50 bp in lengthto about 300 bp in length, about 50 bp in length to about 350 bp inlength, about 50 bp in length to about 400 bp in length, about 50 bp inlength to about 450 bp in length, about 50 bp in length to about 500 bpin length, about 75 bp in length to about 100 bp in length, about 75 bpin length to about 150 bp in length, about 75 bp in length to about 200bp in length, about 75 bp in length to about 250 bp in length, about 75bp in length to about 300 bp in length, about 75 bp in length to about350 bp in length, about 75 bp in length to about 400 bp in length, about75 bp in length to about 450 bp in length, about 75 bp in length toabout 500 bp in length, about 100 bp in length to about 150 bp inlength, about 100 bp in length to about 200 bp in length, about 100 bpin length to about 250 bp in length, about 100 bp in length to about 300bp in length, about 100 bp in length to about 350 bp in length, about100 bp in length to about 400 bp in length, about 100 bp in length toabout 450 bp in length, about 100 bp in length to about 500 bp inlength, about 150 bp in length to about 200 bp in length, about 150 bpin length to about 250 bp in length, about 150 bp in length to about 300bp in length, about 150 bp in length to about 350 bp in length, about150 bp in length to about 400 bp in length, about 150 bp in length toabout 450 bp in length, about 150 bp in length to about 500 bp inlength, about 200 bp in length to about 250 bp in length, about 200 bpin length to about 300 bp in length, about 200 bp in length to about 350bp in length, about 200 bp in length to about 400 bp in length, about200 bp in length to about 450 bp in length, about 200 bp in length toabout 500 bp in length, about 250 bp in length to about 300 bp inlength, about 250 bp in length to about 350 bp in length, about 250 bpin length to about 400 bp in length, about 250 bp in length to about 450bp in length, about 250 bp in length to about 500 bp in length, about300 bp in length to about 350 bp in length, about 300 bp in length toabout 400 bp in length, about 300 bp in length to about 450 bp inlength, about 300 bp in length to about 500 bp in length, about 350 bpin length to about 400 bp in length, about 350 bp in length to about 450bp in length, about 350 bp in length to about 500 bp in length, about400 bp in length to about 450 bp in length, about 400 bp in length toabout 500 bp in length, or about 450 bp in length to about 500 bp inlength. In some instances, the nucleic acid is about 15 bp in length,about 50 bp in length, about 75 bp in length, about 100 bp in length,about 150 bp in length, about 200 bp in length, about 250 bp in length,about 300 bp in length, about 350 bp in length, about 400 bp in length,about 450 bp in length, or about 500 bp in length.

The sizes of the cell-free nucleic acids evaluated using the device,systems, kits and methods of the present disclosure can vary dependingupon, e.g., the particular body fluid sample used. For example, cff-DNAsequences have been observed to be shorter than maternal cf-DNAsequences, and both cff-DNA and maternal cf-DNA to be shorter in urinethan in plasma samples.

In some instances, the cff-DNA sequences evaluated in urine range fromabout 20 bp to about 300 bp in length. In some instances, the cff-DNAsequences evaluated in a urine sample are about 15 bp in length to about300 bp in length. In some instances, the cff-DNA sequences evaluated ina urine sample are at least about 15 bp in length. In some instances,the cff-DNA sequences evaluated in a urine sample are at most about 300bp in length. In some instances, the cff-DNA sequences evaluated in aurine sample are about 15 bp in length to about 20 bp in length, about15 bp in length to about 30 bp in length, about 15 bp in length to about60 bp in length, about 15 bp in length to about 90 bp in length, about15 bp in length to about 120 bp in length, about 15 bp in length toabout 150 bp in length, about 15 bp in length to about 180 bp in length,about 15 bp in length to about 210 bp in length, about 15 bp in lengthto about 240 bp in length, about 15 bp in length to about 270 bp inlength, about 15 bp in length to about 300 bp in length, about 20 bp inlength to about 30 bp in length, about 20 bp in length to about 60 bp inlength, about 20 bp in length to about 90 bp in length, about 20 bp inlength to about 120 bp in length, about 20 bp in length to about 150 bpin length, about 20 bp in length to about 180 bp in length, about 20 bpin length to about 210 bp in length, about 20 bp in length to about 240bp in length, about 20 bp in length to about 270 bp in length, about 20bp in length to about 300 bp in length, about 30 bp in length to about60 bp in length, about 30 bp in length to about 90 bp in length, about30 bp in length to about 120 bp in length, about 30 bp in length toabout 150 bp in length, about 30 bp in length to about 180 bp in length,about 30 bp in length to about 210 bp in length, about 30 bp in lengthto about 240 bp in length, about 30 bp in length to about 270 bp inlength, about 30 bp in length to about 300 bp in length, about 60 bp inlength to about 90 bp in length, about 60 bp in length to about 120 bpin length, about 60 bp in length to about 150 bp in length, about 60 bpin length to about 180 bp in length, about 60 bp in length to about 210bp in length, about 60 bp in length to about 240 bp in length, about 60bp in length to about 270 bp in length, about 60 bp in length to about300 bp in length, about 90 bp in length to about 120 bp in length, about90 bp in length to about 150 bp in length, about 90 bp in length toabout 180 bp in length, about 90 bp in length to about 210 bp in length,about 90 bp in length to about 240 bp in length, about 90 bp in lengthto about 270 bp in length, about 90 bp in length to about 300 bp inlength, about 120 bp in length to about 150 bp in length, about 120 bpin length to about 180 bp in length, about 120 bp in length to about 210bp in length, about 120 bp in length to about 240 bp in length, about120 bp in length to about 270 bp in length, about 120 bp in length toabout 300 bp in length, about 150 bp in length to about 180 bp inlength, about 150 bp in length to about 210 bp in length, about 150 bpin length to about 240 bp in length, about 150 bp in length to about 270bp in length, about 150 bp in length to about 300 bp in length, about180 bp in length to about 210 bp in length, about 180 bp in length toabout 240 bp in length, about 180 bp in length to about 270 bp inlength, about 180 bp in length to about 300 bp in length, about 210 bpin length to about 240 bp in length, about 210 bp in length to about 270bp in length, about 210 bp in length to about 300 bp in length, about240 bp in length to about 270 bp in length, about 240 bp in length toabout 300 bp in length, or about 270 bp in length to about 300 bp inlength. In some instances, the cff-DNA sequences evaluated in a urinesample are about 15 bp in length, about 20 bp in length, about 30 bp inlength, about 60 bp in length, about 90 bp in length, about 120 bp inlength, about 150 bp in length, about 180 bp in length, about 210 bp inlength, about 240 bp in length, about 270 bp in length, or about 300 bpin length.

In some instances, the cff-DNA sequences evaluated in a plasma or serumsample are at least about 20 bp in length. In some instances, thecff-DNA sequences evaluated in a plasma or serum sample are at leastabout 40 bp in length. In some instances, the cff-DNA sequencesevaluated in a plasma or serum sample are at least about 80 bp inlength. In some instances, the cff-DNA sequences evaluated in a plasmaor serum sample are at most about 500 bp in length. In some instances,the cff-DNA sequences evaluated in plasma or serum range from about 100bp to about 500 bp in length. In some instances, the cff-DNA sequencesevaluated in a plasma or serum sample are about 50 bp in length to about500 bp in length. In some instances, the cff-DNA sequences evaluated ina plasma or serum sample are about 80 bp in length to about 100 bp inlength, about 80 bp in length to about 125 bp in length, about 80 bp inlength to about 150 bp in length, about 80 bp in length to about 175 bpin length, about 80 bp in length to about 200 bp in length, about 80 bpin length to about 250 bp in length, about 80 bp in length to about 300bp in length, about 80 bp in length to about 350 bp in length, about 80bp in length to about 400 bp in length, about 80 bp in length to about450 bp in length, about 80 bp in length to about 500 bp in length, about100 bp in length to about 125 bp in length, about 100 bp in length toabout 150 bp in length, about 100 bp in length to about 175 bp inlength, about 100 bp in length to about 200 bp in length, about 100 bpin length to about 250 bp in length, about 100 bp in length to about 300bp in length, about 100 bp in length to about 350 bp in length, about100 bp in length to about 400 bp in length, about 100 bp in length toabout 450 bp in length, about 100 bp in length to about 500 bp inlength, about 125 bp in length to about 150 bp in length, about 125 bpin length to about 175 bp in length, about 125 bp in length to about 200bp in length, about 125 bp in length to about 250 bp in length, about125 bp in length to about 300 bp in length, about 125 bp in length toabout 350 bp in length, about 125 bp in length to about 400 bp inlength, about 125 bp in length to about 450 bp in length, about 125 bpin length to about 500 bp in length, about 150 bp in length to about 175bp in length, about 150 bp in length to about 200 bp in length, about150 bp in length to about 250 bp in length, about 150 bp in length toabout 300 bp in length, about 150 bp in length to about 350 bp inlength, about 150 bp in length to about 400 bp in length, about 150 bpin length to about 450 bp in length, about 150 bp in length to about 500bp in length, about 175 bp in length to about 200 bp in length, about175 bp in length to about 250 bp in length, about 175 bp in length toabout 300 bp in length, about 175 bp in length to about 350 bp inlength, about 175 bp in length to about 400 bp in length, about 175 bpin length to about 450 bp in length, about 175 bp in length to about 500bp in length, about 200 bp in length to about 250 bp in length, about200 bp in length to about 300 bp in length, about 200 bp in length toabout 350 bp in length, about 200 bp in length to about 400 bp inlength, about 200 bp in length to about 450 bp in length, about 200 bpin length to about 500 bp in length, about 250 bp in length to about 300bp in length, about 250 bp in length to about 350 bp in length, about250 bp in length to about 400 bp in length, about 250 bp in length toabout 450 bp in length, about 250 bp in length to about 500 bp inlength, about 300 bp in length to about 350 bp in length, about 300 bpin length to about 400 bp in length, about 300 bp in length to about 450bp in length, about 300 bp in length to about 500 bp in length, about350 bp in length to about 400 bp in length, about 350 bp in length toabout 450 bp in length, about 350 bp in length to about 500 bp inlength, about 400 bp in length to about 450 bp in length, about 400 bpin length to about 500 bp in length, or about 450 bp in length to about500 bp in length. In some instances, the cff-DNA sequences evaluated ina plasma or serum sample are about 80 bp in length, about 100 bp inlength, about 125 bp in length, about 150 bp in length, about 175 bp inlength, about 200 bp in length, about 250 bp in length, about 300 bp inlength, about 350 bp in length, about 400 bp in length, about 450 bp inlength, or about 500 bp in length.

Subjects

Disclosed herein are devices, systems, kits and methods for analyzing abiological component in a sample from a subject. The subject may behuman. The subject may be non-human. The subject may be non-mammalian(e.g., bird, reptile, insect). In some instances, the subject is amammal. In some instances, the mammal is female. In some instances, thesubject is a human subject. In some instances, the mammal is a primate(e.g., human, great ape, lesser ape, monkey). In some instances, themammal is canine (e.g., dog, fox, wolf). In some instances, the mammalis feline (e.g., domestic cat, big cat). In some instances, the mammalis equine (e.g., horse). In some instances, the mammal is bovine (e.g.,cow, buffalo, bison). In some instances, the mammal is a sheep. In someinstances, the mammal is a goat). In some instances, the mammal is apig. In some instances, the mammal is a rodent (e.g., mouse, rat,rabbit, guinea pig).

In some instances, a subject described herein is affected by a diseaseor a condition. Devices, systems, kits and methods disclosed herein maybe used to test for the disease or condition, detect the disease orcondition, and/or monitor the disease or condition. Devices, systems,kits and methods disclosed herein may be used to test for the presenceof inherited traits, monitor fitness, and detect family ties.

Devices, systems, kits and methods disclosed herein may be used to testfor, detect, and/or monitor cancer in a subject. Non-limiting examplesof cancers include breast cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer, lungcancer, colorectal cancer/colon cancer, bladder cancer, pancreaticcancer, lymphoma, and leukemia.

Devices, systems, kits and methods disclosed herein may be used to testfor, detect, and/or monitor an immune disorder or autoimmune disorder ina subject. Autoimmune and immune disorders include, but are not limitedto, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, multiplesclerosis, lupus, inflammatory bowel disease, Addison's Disease, GravesDisease, Crohn's Disease and Celiac disease.

Devices, systems, kits and methods disclosed herein may be used to testfor, detect, and/or monitor a disease or condition that is associatedwith aging of a subject. Disease and conditions associated with aginginclude, but are not limited to, cancer, osteoporosis, dementia, maculardegeneration, metabolic conditions, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Devices, systems, kits and methods disclosed herein may be used to testfor, detect, and/or monitor a blood disorder. Non-limiting examples ofblood disorders are anemia, hemophilia, blood clotting andthrombophilia. For example, detecting thrombophilia may comprisedetecting a polymorphism present in a gene selected from Factor V Leiden(FVL), prothrombin gene (PT G20210A), and methylenetetrahydrofolatereductase (MTHFR).

Devices, systems, kits and methods disclosed herein may be used to testfor, detect, and/or monitor a neurological disorder or aneurodegenerative disorder in a subject. Non-limiting examples ofneurodegenerative and neurological disorders are Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Spinocerebellar ataxia,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), motor neuron disease, chronic pain,and spinal muscular atrophy. Devices, systems, kits and methodsdisclosed herein may be used to test for, detect, and/or monitor apsychiatric disorder in a subject and/or a response to a drug to treatthe psychiatric disorder.

Devices, systems, kits and methods disclosed herein may be used to testfor, detect, and/or monitor a metabolic condition or disease. Metabolicconditions and disease, include, but are not limited to obesity, athyroid disorder, hypertension, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes,non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, coronary artery disease, andatherosclerosis.

Devices, systems, kits and methods disclosed herein may be used to testfor, detect, and/or monitor an allergy or intolerance to a food, liquidor drug. By way of non-limiting example, a subject can be allergic orintolerant to lactose, wheat, soy, dairy, caffeine, alcohol, nuts,shellfish, and eggs. A subject could also be allergic or intolerant to adrug, a supplement or a cosmetic. In some instances, methods compriseanalyzing genetic markers that are predictive of skin type or skinhealth.

In some instances, the condition is associated with an allergy. In someinstances, the subject is not diagnosed with a disease or condition, butis experiencing symptoms that indicate a disease or condition ispresent. In other instances, the subject is already diagnosed with adisease or condition, and the devices, systems, kits and methodsdisclosed herein are useful for monitoring the disease or condition, oran effect of a drug on the disease or condition.

Disclosed herein are devices, systems, kits and methods for analyzingcell-free nucleic acids from a fetus in a maternal biological samplefrom a pregnant subject. Generally, the pregnant subject is a humanpregnant subject. However, one of skill in the art would understand thatthe instant disclosure could be applied to other mammals, perhaps forbreeding purposes on farms or in zoos. In some instances, the pregnantsubject is euploid. In some instances, the pregnant subject comprises ananeuploidy. In some instances, the pregnant subject has a copy variationof a gene or portion thereof. In some instances, the pregnant subjecthas a genetic insertion mutation. In some instances, the pregnantsubject has a genetic deletion mutation. In some instances, the pregnantsubject has a genetic missense mutation. In some instances, the pregnantsubject has a single nucleotide polymorphism. In some instances, thepregnant subject has a single nucleotide polymorphism. In someinstances, the pregnant subject has translocation mutation resulting ina fusion gene. By way of non-limiting example, the BCR-ABL gene is afusion gene that can be found on chromosome 22 of many leukemiapatients. The altered chromosome 22 is referred to as the Philadelphiachromosome.

In some instances, the pregnant subject is about 2 weeks pregnant toabout 42 weeks pregnant. In some instances, the pregnant subject isabout 3 weeks pregnant to about 42 weeks pregnant. In some instances,the pregnant subject is about 4 weeks pregnant to about 42 weekspregnant. In some instances, the pregnant subject is about 5 weekspregnant to about 42 weeks pregnant. In some instances, the pregnantsubject is about 6 weeks pregnant to about 42 weeks pregnant. In someinstances, the pregnant subject is about 7 weeks pregnant to about 42weeks pregnant. In some instances, the pregnant subject is about 8 weekspregnant to about 42 weeks pregnant.

In some instances, the pregnant subject is at fewer than about 6 weeks,about 7 weeks, about 8 weeks, about 9 weeks, about 10 weeks, about 12weeks, about 16 weeks, about 20 weeks, about 21 weeks, about 22 weeks,about 24 weeks, about 26 weeks, or about 28 weeks of gestation. In someinstances, the pregnant subject is as few as 5 weeks pregnant. In someinstances, the human subject is a pregnant human female who has reachedat least about 5 weeks, at least about 6 weeks, at least about 7 weeks,or at least about 8 weeks of gestation. In some instances, the humansubject is a pregnant human female who has reached at least about 5 toabout 8 weeks of gestation. In some instances, the human subject is apregnant human female who has reached at least about 5 to about 8, atleast about 5 to about 12, at least about 5 to about 16, at least about5 to about 20, at least about 6 to about 21, at least about 6 to about22, at least about 6 to about 24, at least about 6 to about 26, at leastabout 6 to about 28, at least about 6 to about 9, at least about 6 toabout 12, at least about 6 to about 16, at least about 6 to about 20, atleast about 6 to about 21, at least about 6 to about 22, at least about6 to about 24, at least about 6 to about 26, or at least about 6 toabout 28 weeks of gestation. In some instances, the human subject is apregnant human female who has reached at least about 7 to about 8, atleast about 7 to about 12, at least about 7 to about 16, at least about7 to about 20, at least about 7 to about 21, at least about 7 to about22, at least about 7 to about 24, at least about 7 to about 26, at leastabout 7 to about 28, at least about 8 to about 9, at least about 8 toabout 12, at least about 6 to about 16, at least about 8 to about 20, atleast about 8 to about 21, at least about 6 to about 22, at least about8 to about 24, at least about 8 to about 26, or at least about 8 toabout 28 weeks of gestation. In some instances, gestation times aredetected by measuring the gestation time from the first day of the lastmenstrual period.

In some instances, the biological sample is a maternal body fluid sampleobtained from a pregnant subject, a subject suspected of being pregnant,or a subject that has given birth recently, e.g., within the past day.In some instances, the subject is a mammal. In some instances, themammal is female. In some instances, the mammal is a primate (e.g.,human, great ape, lesser ape, monkey), canine (e.g., dog, fox, wolf),feline (e.g., domestic cat, big cat), equine (e.g., horse), bovine(e.g., cow, buffalo, bison), ovine (e.g., sheep), caprine (e.g., goat)porcine (e.g., pig), a rhinoceros, or a rodent (e.g., mouse, rat,rabbit, guinea pig). In some instances, the subject is a pregnant humanfemale in her first, second, or third trimester of pregnancy. In someinstances, the human subject is a pregnant human female at fewer thanabout 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about27, about 28, about 29, about 30, about 31, about 32, about 33, about34, about 35, about 36, about 37, about 38, about 39, or about 40 weeksgestation.

Numbered Embodiments

The disclosure is further understood through review of the numberedembodiments recited herein. 1. A method comprising: obtaining capillaryblood from a subject, wherein the capillary blood comprises cell-freenucleic acids; sequencing at least a portion of the cell-free nucleicacids to produce sequencing reads; measuring at least a portion ofsequencing reads corresponding to at least one target sequence ofinterest; and detecting a normal representation, an overrepresentationor an underrepresentation of the at least one target sequence. 2. Amethod comprising: obtaining capillary blood from a subject, wherein thecapillary blood comprises cell-free nucleic acids; optionally amplifyingthe cell-free nucleic acids; tagging at least a portion of the cell-freenucleic acids to produce a library of tagged cell-free nucleic acids;optionally amplifying the tagged cell-free nucleic acids; sequencing atleast a portion of the tagged cell-free nucleic acids; and detecting anormal representation, an overrepresentation or an underrepresentationof at least one target sequence in the at least a portion of the taggedcell-free nucleic acids. 3. The method of embodiment 1 or 2, comprisingproducing a library having an efficiency of at least 0.5. 4. The methodof any previous embodiment, comprising amplifying the cell-free nucleicacids or tagged cell-free nucleic acids in the presence of a crowdingagent. 5. The method of any previous embodiment, comprising repairingends of the cell-free nucleic acids. 6. A method comprising obtaining abiological sample from a subject, wherein the biological samplecomprises target cell-free nucleic acids and non-target cell-freenucleic acids that together make up total cell-free nucleic acids, andwherein the target cell-free nucleic acids are less than 5% of the totalcell-free nucleic acids; sequencing at least a portion of the targetcell-free nucleic acids to produce sequencing reads; measuring at leasta portion of sequencing reads corresponding to at least one targetsequence of interest; and detecting a normal representation, anoverrepresentation or an underrepresentation of the at least one targetsequence. 7. The method of embodiment 6, wherein the biological samplecomprises capillary blood. 8. The method of embodiment 6, wherein thebiological sample consists essentially of capillary blood. 9. The methodof embodiment 6, wherein obtaining the biological sample comprisesobtaining capillary blood. 10. The method of embodiment 6, whereinobtaining the biological sample comprises obtaining capillary blood. 11.The method of embodiment 6, wherein obtaining the biological sampleconsists essentially of obtaining capillary blood. 12. The method ofembodiment 6, wherein obtaining the biological sample does not compriseobtaining venous blood. 13. The method of embodiment 6, whereinobtaining the biological sample does not comprise performing aphlebotomy. 14. The method of any previous embodiment, wherein obtainingthe biological sample comprises obtaining not more than 1 milliliter ofblood. 15. The method of any previous embodiment, wherein obtaining thebiological sample comprises obtaining not more than 100 microliters ofblood. 16. The method of any previous embodiment, wherein obtaining thebiological sample comprises obtaining not more than 40 microliters ofblood. 17. The method of any previous embodiment, wherein the targetcell-free nucleic acids are cell-free nucleic acids from a tumor. 18.The method of any previous embodiment, wherein the target cell-freenucleic acids are cell-free nucleic acids from a fetus. 19. The methodof any previous embodiment, wherein the target cell-free nucleic acidsare cell-free nucleic acids from a transplanted tissue or organ. 20. Themethod of any previous embodiment, wherein the method comprisesdetecting the normal representation, overrepresentation orunderrepresentation of the at least one target sequence with at least98% accuracy. 21. The method of any previous embodiment, wherein themethod does not comprise whole genome amplification. 22. A methodcomprising: obtaining a biological sample from a subject, wherein thebiological sample contains up to about 10⁹ cell-free nucleic acidmolecules; sequencing at least a portion of the cell-free nucleic acidmolecules to produce sequencing reads; measuring at least a portion ofsequencing reads corresponding to at least one chromosomal region; anddetecting a normal representation, an overrepresentation or anunderrepresentation of the at least one chromosomal region. 23. Themethod of any previous embodiment, wherein the biological sample is abiological fluid having a volume of less than about 500 μl. 24. Themethod of any previous embodiment, wherein the biological sample is abiological fluid having a volume of about 1 μL to about 100 μl. 25. Themethod of any previous embodiment, wherein the biological sample is abiological fluid having a volume of about 5 μL to about 80 μl. 26. Themethod of any previous embodiment, wherein the biological sample has avolume of about 5 to about 60 μl. 27. The method of any previousembodiment, comprising amplifying the cell-free nucleic acid moleculesbefore sequencing. 28. The method of any previous embodiment, comprisingtagging the cell-free nucleic acid molecules before sequencing and afteramplifying. 29. The method of any previous embodiment, comprisingtagging the cell-free nucleic acid molecules before sequencing. 30. Themethod of any previous embodiment, comprising amplifying the cell-freenucleic acid molecules after tagging the cell-free nucleic acidmolecules. 31. The method of any previous embodiment, comprisingamplifying the cell-free nucleic acid molecules before tagging thecell-free nucleic acid molecules. 32. The method of any previousembodiment, wherein amplifying comprises contacting the cell-freenucleic acid molecules with random oligonucleotide primers. 33. Themethod of any previous embodiment, wherein the amplifying comprisesisothermal amplification. 34. The method of any previous embodiment,comprising detecting an overrepresentation of sequencing readscorresponding to at least one target chromosome. 35. The method of anyprevious embodiment, comprising detecting an underrepresentation ofsequencing reads corresponding to at least one target chromosome. 36.The method of any previous embodiment, comprising comparing the numberof sequencing reads corresponding to the at least one target chromosometo a reference number of sequencing reads corresponding to the at leastone target chromosome. 37. The method of any previous embodiment,comprising measuring at least 1000 sequencing reads corresponding to theat least one chromosomal region. 38. The method of any previousembodiment, comprising measuring at least 1000 sequencing readscorresponding to at least one non-target chromosomal region. 39. Themethod of any previous embodiment, wherein the biological sample isbiological fluid. 40. The method of any previous embodiment, wherein thebiological sample comprises blood, plasma, serum, urine, interstitialfluid, vaginal cells, vaginal fluid, buccal cells, or saliva. 41. Themethod of any previous embodiment, wherein the biological sample isserum or plasma. 42. The method of embodiment 41, further comprisingseparating the plasma or serum from a blood sample. 43. The method ofembodiment 41, wherein separating comprises filtering the blood sampleto remove cells, cell fragments, microvesicles, or a combinationthereof, from the blood sample to produce the plasma sample. 44. Themethod of any previous embodiment, wherein the biological sample is ablood sample having a volume of about 5 μl to about 1 ml. 45. The methodof any previous embodiment, wherein the biological sample is a bloodsample having a volume of about 5 μl to about 150 μl. 46. The method ofembodiment 44 or 45, wherein obtaining the blood sample comprisespricking a finger. 47. The method of embodiment 46, further comprisingmilking or squeezing blood from the pricked finger. 48. The method ofembodiment 46, wherein the method does not comprising milking orsqueezing blood from the pricked finger. 49. The method of any previousembodiment, wherein obtaining the blood sample does not comprise aphlebotomy. 50. The method of any previous embodiment, wherein thebiological sample contains about 10⁴ to about 10⁹ cell-free nucleic acidmolecules. 51. The method of any previous embodiment, wherein thebiological sample contains about 10⁴ to about 10⁸ cell-free nucleic acidmolecules. 52. The method of any previous embodiment, wherein thebiological sample contains about 10⁴ to about 10⁷ cell-free nucleic acidmolecules. 53. The method of any previous embodiment, wherein thebiological sample contains less than 300 pg of cell-free nucleic acidmolecules. 54. The method of any previous embodiment, wherein thebiological sample contains less than 3 ng of cell-free nucleic acidmolecules. 55. The method of any previous embodiment, comprisingdetecting the normal representation, overrepresentation orunderrepresentation with greater than 98% accuracy. 56. The method ofany previous embodiment, comprising detecting the normal representation,overrepresentation or underrepresentation with greater than 99%accuracy. 57. The method of any previous embodiment, wherein the subjectis a pregnant subject and the cell-free nucleic acid molecules comprisecell-free fetal nucleic acid molecules. 58. The method of any previousembodiment, comprising comparing the number of sequencing readscorresponding to the at least one chromosomal region to a referencenumber of sequencing reads corresponding to the at least one chromosomalregion. 59. The method embodiment 58, wherein the reference number isbased on at least one sample from at least one euploid pregnant subjectwith a euploid fetus. 60. The method embodiment 58, wherein thereference number is based on at least one sample from at least oneeuploid pregnant subject with an aneuploid fetus. 61. The methodembodiment 60, wherein the at least one sample is the same sample typeand same sample volume as the biological sample. 62. The method ofembodiment 57, wherein the biological sample comprises about 10⁶ toabout 10¹² total cell-free nucleic acid molecules, wherein the totalcell-free nucleic acid molecules consist essentially of the cell-freefetal nucleic acid molecules and maternal cell-free nucleic acidmolecules. 63. The method of any previous embodiment, comprisingdetecting that there is a fetal aneuploidy of the at least onechromosomal region when a ratio of sequencing reads corresponding to theat least one chromosomal region to sequencing reads corresponding to atleast one non-target chromosomal region is different from a respectiveratio in a control biological sample from a control pregnant euploidsubject with a euploid fetus. 64. The method of any previous embodiment,comprising detecting, that there is not a fetal aneuploidy of the atleast one chromosomal region when a ratio of sequencing readscorresponding to the at least one chromosomal region to sequencing readscorresponding to at least one non-target chromosomal region is the sameas a respective ratio in a control biological sample from a controlpregnant euploid subject with a euploid fetus. 65. The method ofembodiment 63 or 64, wherein the at least one chromosomal region islocated on at least one of chromosome 13, chromosome 16, chromosome 18,chromosome 21, chromosome 22, chromosome X, or chromosome Y. 66. Themethod of embodiment 64 or 65, wherein the at least one non-targetchromosomal region is at least one of a chromosome other than chromosome13, chromosome 16, chromosome 18, chromosome 21, chromosome 22,chromosome X, or chromosome Y. 67. The method of any one of embodiments57-66, wherein the pregnant subject is as few as 5 weeks pregnant. 68.The method of embodiment 57, wherein the pregnant subject is euploid.69. The method of embodiment 57, the biological sample contains about10⁴ to about 10⁹ cell-free fetal nucleic acids. 70. The method ofembodiment 57, wherein the biological sample contains about 10⁴ to about10⁸ cell-free fetal nucleic acids. 71. The method of embodiment 57,comprising sequencing at least 2000 cell-free fetal nucleic acids. 72.The method of embodiment 58, comprising measuring at least 1000 of thesequencing reads corresponding to the at least chromosomal region. 73.The method of embodiment 58, wherein representation of the at least onechromosomal region is relative to control representation in at least onecontrol pregnant subject carrying a control fetus. 74. The method ofembodiment 73, wherein the at least one control pregnant subject andcontrol fetus does not have an aneuploidy. 74. The method of embodiment73, wherein the at least one control pregnant subject and control fetusdoes not have a genetic abnormality. 75. The method of embodiment 73,wherein the at least one control pregnant subject and control fetus hasan aneuploidy corresponding to the chromosomal region. 76. The method ofembodiment 73, wherein the at least one control pregnant subject andcontrol fetus has a genetic abnormality corresponding to the targetchromosomal region. 77. The method of any preceding embodiment, whereinthe cell-free nucleic acids comprise nucleic acids from a tumor in atissue. 78. The method of embodiment 77, comprising comparing the numberof sequencing reads corresponding to the at least one chromosomal regionto a reference number of sequencing reads corresponding to the at leastone chromosomal region. 79. The method of embodiment 78, wherein thereference number is based on at least one sample from a subject withoutthe tumor in the tissue. 80. The method of embodiment 78, wherein thereference number is based on at least one sample from a subject with thetumor in the tissue. 81. The method of any preceding embodiment, whereinthe cell-free nucleic acids comprise nucleic acids from an organ or atissue that has been transplanted into the subject. 82. The method ofany preceding embodiment, wherein the cell-free nucleic acids arespecific to the organ or the tissue. 83. The method of any precedingembodiment, wherein sequencing comprises whole genome sequencing. 84.The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein sequencing comprisesrandom massively parallel sequencing. 85. The method of any precedingembodiment, wherein sequencing comprises targeted sequencing. 86. Themethod of any preceding embodiment, wherein sequencing comprisesnanopore sequencing. 87. A method comprising: obtaining a biologicalsample from a subject, wherein the biological sample contains up toabout 10⁹ cell-free nucleic acid molecules; analyzing epigeneticmodifications on at least one chromosomal region of at least a portionof the cell-free nucleic acid molecules; and detecting a normalrepresentation, an overrepresentation or an underrepresentation of theat least one chromosomal region. 88. A method comprising: obtainingcapillary blood from a subject; analyzing epigenetic modifications on atleast one chromosomal region of at least a portion of the cell-freenucleic acid molecules; and detecting a normal representation, anoverrepresentation or an underrepresentation of the at least onechromosomal region. 89. The method of embodiment 88, comprisingobtaining not more than 200 μl of capillary blood. 90. The method ofembodiment 88, comprising obtaining not more than 100 μl of capillaryblood. 91. A method comprising: obtaining a biological sample from apregnant subject, wherein the biological sample contains up to about 10⁹cell-free fetal nucleic acid molecules; tagging at least a portion ofthe cell-free fetal nucleic acid molecules to produce tagged cell-freefetal nucleic acid molecules; measuring the number of tagged cell-freefetal nucleic acid molecules; and detecting a normal representation, anoverrepresentation or an underrepresentation of the at least onechromosomal region. 92. The method of embodiment 91, comprising taggingeach cell-free fetal nucleic acid molecule in the biological sample. 93.The method of embodiment 91, wherein tagging at least a portion of thecell-free fetal nucleic acid molecules comprises tagging cell-free fetalnucleic acid molecules from a target chromosomal region. 94. The methodof embodiment 91, wherein the method does not comprise sequencing. 95.The method of embodiment 91, comprising obtaining a plurality ofbiological sample from at least one pregnant subject, wherein thebiological samples each contain up to about 10⁹ cell-free fetal nucleicacid molecules; and indexing the cell-free fetal nucleic acid moleculesfrom each biological sample with a different index, thereby providing asample identifier to the cell-free fetal nucleic acid molecules. 96. Themethod of embodiment 91, comprising tagging the cell-free fetal nucleicacid molecules from a target chromosomal region. 97. A systemcomprising: a sample collector configured to collect a fluid sample of asubject; a sample processor that is configured to isolate a samplecomponent from the fluid sample; a nucleic acid detector that isconfigured to detect nucleic acids in the fluid sample or the samplecomponent; and a nucleic acid information output. 98. The system ofembodiment 97, wherein the sample collector comprises a transdermalpuncture device. 99. The system of embodiment 97, wherein thetransdermal puncture device comprises at least one of a needle, alancet, a microneedle, a vacuum, and a microneedle array. 100. Thesystem of embodiment 97, wherein the sample component is selected from acell, a carbohydrate, a phospholipid, a protein, a nucleic acid, and amicrovesicle. 101. The system of embodiment 100 or 101, wherein thesample component is a blood cell. 102. The system of embodiment 97,wherein the sample component does not comprise a cell-free nucleic acid.103. The system of embodiment 97, wherein the sample component comprisesa cell-free nucleic acid. 104. The system of embodiment 97, wherein thesample component is plasma or serum. 105. The system of embodiment 104,wherein the sample purifier is configured to isolate plasma from lessthan 1 milliliter of blood. 106. The system of embodiment 105, whereinthe sample purifier is configured to isolate plasma from less than 250μl of blood. 107. The system of embodiment 105, wherein the samplepurifier is configured to isolate plasma from less than 150 μl of blood.108. The system of embodiment 105, wherein the sample purifier isconfigured to isolate plasma from less than 100 μl of blood. 109. Thesystem of embodiment 97, wherein the nucleic acid detector comprises anucleic acid sequencer. 110. The system of embodiment 97, wherein thesystem is configured to label nucleic acids of interest in the fluidsample, and the nucleic acid detector comprises a counting system thatcounts the labels to detect a representation of the nucleic acids ofinterest in the sample. 111. The system of embodiment 110, comprisingthe labels, wherein the labels comprise an oligonucleotide thathybridizes to the nucleic acids of interest. 112. The system ofembodiment 111, wherein the oligonucleotide is specific to a chromosomalregion of interest. 113. The system of embodiment 112, wherein thechromosomal region of interest is located on a chromosome selected fromchromosome 13, chromosome 16, chromosome 18, chromosome 21, chromosome22, chromosome X, and chromosome Y. 114. The system of embodiment 112,wherein the chromosomal region of interest comprises, or is capable ofcomprising, a sequence that is indicative of a disease or condition.115. The system of embodiment 112, wherein the chromosomal region ofinterest comprises, or is capable of comprising, at least one epigeneticmodification that is indicative of a disease or condition. 116. Thesystem of embodiment 114 or 115, wherein the condition is a geneticabnormality. 117. The system of embodiment 114 or 115, wherein thedisease is cancer. 118. The system of embodiment 114 or 115, wherein thecondition is a transplanted tissue or organ. 119. The system ofembodiment 97, comprising at least one nucleic acid amplificationreagent selected from a primer, a polymerase, and a combination thereof.120. The system of embodiment 119, wherein the at least one nucleic acidamplification reagent comprises at least one isothermal amplificationreagent. 121. The system of embodiment 119, wherein the at least oneisothermal amplification reagent comprises a recombinase polymerase, asingle-strand DNA-binding protein, a strand-displacing polymerase, or acombination thereof. 122. The system of any preceding embodiment,comprising at least one nucleic acid amplification reagent and at leastone crowding agent. 123. The system of embodiment 97, comprising atleast a first label for producing a library of cell-free nucleic acidsfrom the fluid sample, and at least one amplification reagent. 124. Thesystem of embodiment 123, wherein the system is configured to amplifythe cell-free nucleic acids with the at least one amplification reagentto produce at least one amplicon and contacting the at least oneamplicon with at least the first label to produce the library. 125. Thesystem of embodiment 124, wherein the system is configured to contactthe at least one amplicon with a second label, wherein the second labelis detectable. 126. The system of embodiment 97, wherein the system isconfigured to produce the library and amplify at least one member of thelibrary with the at least one amplification reagent. 127. The system ofembodiment 97, wherein the nucleic acid sequence output is selected froma wireless communication device, a wired communication device, a cableport, and an electronic display. 128. The system of embodiment 97,wherein all components of the system are present in a single location.129. The system of embodiment 97, wherein all components of the systemare housed in a single device. 130. The system of embodiment 97, whereinthe sample collector is located at a first location and at least one ofthe sample purifier and nucleic acid detector are second location. 131.The system of embodiment 97, wherein the sample collector and at leastone of the sample purifier and nucleic acid detector are at the samelocation. 132. The system of embodiment 97, wherein the sample purifiercomprises a filter. 133. The system of embodiment 97, wherein the samplepurifier comprises a wicking material or capillary device for pushing orpulling the biological fluid through the filter. 134. The system ofembodiment 147, wherein the filter has a pore size of about 0.05 micronsto about 2 microns. 135. The system of embodiment 97, wherein the samplepurifier comprises a binding moiety that binds a nucleic acid, protein,cell surface marker, or microvesicle surface marker in the biologicalfluid sample. 136. The system of embodiment 135, wherein the bindingmoiety comprises an antibody, antigen binding antibody fragment, aligand, a receptor, a peptide, a small molecule, or a combinationthereof. 137. The system of embodiment 135, wherein the binding moietyis capable of binding an extracellular vesicle, wherein theextracellular vesicle is released from a fetal cell or a placental cellof the female subject. 138. The system of embodiment 135, wherein thebinding moiety is attached to a solid support, wherein the solid supportcan be separated from the rest of the biological sample or thebiological sample can be separated from the solid support, after thebinding moiety has made contact with the biological sample. 139. Thesystem of embodiment 97, comprising a transport or storage compartmentfor transporting or storing at least a portion of the fluid sample. 140.The system of embodiment 139, wherein the transport or storagecompartment comprises an absorption pad, a fluid container, a samplepreservative, or a combination thereof 141. The system of embodiment139, wherein the transport or storage compartment contains a reagent ormaterial that stabilizes a cell of the fluid sample for transport orstorage. 142. The system of embodiment 97, comprising at least one of acontainer, pouch, wire and cable, for heating or cooling the device of acomponent thereof 143. The system of embodiment 97, comprising at leastone buffer for at least one of repairing, purifying, amplifying, andsequencing cell-free nucleic acids. 145. Use of a system according toembodiment 97 for detecting the presence of a tumor in the subject. 146.Use of a system according to embodiment 97 for detecting an aneuploidyof a fetus in the subject. 147. Use of a system according to embodiment97 for detecting the status of a transplanted organ in the subject.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are given for the purpose of illustrating variousembodiments of the devices, systems and kits disclosed herein and arenot meant to limit the present devices, systems and kits in any fashion.The present examples, along with the methods described herein arepresently representative of preferred embodiments, are exemplary, andare not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention. Changestherein and other uses which are encompassed within the spirit of thedevices, systems and kits disclosed herein as defined by the scope ofthe claims will occur to those skilled in the art.

Example 1: Trisomy Detection in Ultra-Low (˜20 μl) Amounts of MaternalBlood

Trisomy detection relies on the accurate representation of geneticmaterial originating on a chromosome compared to genetic materialoriginating from other chromosomes. This ratio is compared to thedistribution of ratios in the euploid population. A trisomy is calledwhen the ratio of ((chr21/chr.all)-MEDIAN(chr21))/MAD(chr21) isstatistically sufficiently different from that distribution.

While 10% fetal fraction is the median of a typical population at 9weeks gestational age and above, not all samples will have fetalfraction levels as high as 10% and some might have even higher levels. Atypical cutoff for fetal fraction is 4%. A model that takes thedistribution of fetal fraction in a typical population into account andrequires the more common cutoff values for specificity (99.9%) andsensitivity (99%) can help to illustrate the input requirements for thismethod. With around 5 million marker counts (sequence reads), thissensitivity can be accomplished. However, if one analyzes one marker perchromosome, this would require 30,000 cell equivalents, which is notfeasible.

Methods and systems disclosed herein are based on the fact that eachgenome equivalent is essentially divided into 20 million cfDNA fragmentsthrough the process of apoptosis (3 billion base pairs per genomedivided by 150 base pairs average size of cfDNA). The implication isthat if every single molecule of cfDNA can be transferred from blood tosequencer, the equivalent of a quarter of a euploid genome is sufficientfor analysis.

However, in reality every step in the process is impaired by variousamounts of DNA loss. Therefore much higher amounts are being sampled andmoved through the library generation and sequencing process. While DNAloss occurs at every step of the process, the highest loss typicallyappears at the step of library preparation. Traditional methods showlosses of 80% to 90% of material. Often this loss is compensated by asubsequent amplification step (Universal PCR), to bring theconcentration of DNA up to the necessary level required for nextgeneration sequencing. While amplification is a good method to increasethe overall nucleic acid material available for sequencing, underspecific conditions the amplification cannot compensate for a loss ofinformation that occurred during the prior steps. To understand the lossof information a simple thought experiment can help. Assume one startswith 1000 genome equivalents, which represents 20*10⁹ cfDNA fragments.If one assumes an enormous loss and only two fragments are available foramplification. One fragment from the reference region and one from thetarget region. Two fragments alone are not sufficient to load sequencingequipment, but via amplification (PCR) each fragment can easily becopied billions of times. Now after amplification enough material isavailable to start the sequencing process but the information in thesample had been reduced to the information held in those two copies. Andin this case the information is insufficient for classification ofeuploid and trisomic samples, because both sample type will show anindistinguishable 50% fraction.

Specifications for a typical next generation sequencer require that 5 μlof a 4 nM solution is diluted in 995 μl NaOH to make a 20 pM solution ofwhich 600 μl are loaded on the sequencer. Consequently, a total of1.2*10¹⁰ DNA fragments is needed, to create 20 million sequencingcounts. As demonstrated above, 20 million counts are sufficient for 4samples and therefore each sample has to contribute ˜3*10⁹DNA fragments.(Because each genome equivalent contributes 20 million DNA fragments atotal of 150 genome equivalents would be needed when no loss and noamplification occurs.) This is outlined in FIG. 6.

Typical NIPT protocols start with a high amount of cfDNA (6000 genomeequivalents), which allows for a high amount of loss during the librarypreparation. The material is then amplified and highly diluted to besuitable for sequencing. The problem with typical NIPT protocols is thathigh amount of loss during library preparation that are subsequentlyhighly diluted lead to an inaccurate representation of the geneticmaterial originating on a chromosome.

For example, a typical sample contains 1500 genome equivalents of cfDNAin ml of blood plasma. A regular blood draw of 8 to 10 ml of bloodyields around 4 ml of plasma, resulting in 6000 available genomeequivalents of cfDNA. Assuming typical numbers for DNA extractionefficiency (90%) and library preparation efficiency (10%) about 540genome equivalents moved into amplification (typically 8 to 10 cycles,here for the example 1000 fold amplification). After amplification atotal of 540000 genome equivalents or 1.08*10¹³ DNA fragments areavailable for sequencing. More than 1000 fold dilution is performed toadjust the amplified library to the required 4 nM. See Table 1.

TABLE 1 Standard 8-10 ml blood draw 4 ml plasma cfDNA Genome cfDNA @1500GE/ml Equivalents fragments efficiency Blood Draw 6000 1.20E+11 DNAExtraction 5400 1.08E+11 0.9 Library Prep 540 1.08E+10 0.1 Amplification540000 1.08E+13 1000 Normalization and 150 3.00E+09 0.0003 MultiplexingDenaturation 90 1.80E+09 0.6 Sequencing 0.25 5.00E+06 0.003

This data might mistakenly imply that because of the vast excess of DNAfragments created in the process, one could simply be scaled down thereactions to accommodate a blood volume of less than 100 μl. However,because of the aforementioned loss in information this is not possible.See Table 2. Performing a simulation at lower limit of fetal fraction(4%) that takes into account the losses during DNA Extraction(efficiency 90%) and library preparation (efficiency 10%) as well as thePCR amplification (˜10 cycles) shows that sensitivity decreases below 25(inflection point at 10) copies of input DNA material. Sensitivity at 10copies is reduced to 89% and at 5 copies to 81%, both values would notbe acceptable in a market that requires ˜95% theoretical sensitivity forsamples at 4% fetal fraction. See FIG. 7.

TABLE 2 Scale down Standard protocol to 20 μl blood draw 4 ml plasmacfDNA Genome cfDNA @1500 GE/ml Equivalents fragments efficiency BloodDraw 10 2.00E+08 DNA Extraction 9 1.80E+08 0.9 Library Prep 1.8 3.60E+070.1 Amplification 1800 3.60E+10 1000 Normalization and 150 3.00E+090.0833 Multiplexing Denaturation 90 1.80E+09 0.6 Sequencing 0.255.00E+06 0.003

In contrast, the present disclosure provides methods, systems, anddevices that increase the library preparation efficiency, preventing ahigh amount of loss during library preparation and obviating the needfor overamplification and high dilutions. Thus, the present disclosuresolves the problems associated with typical NIPT protocols, bymaintaining an accurate representation of genetic material originatingon the chromosome. Increasing library efficiency and decreasingamplification according the present embodiments (e.g., with crowdingagents, end-repair), results in more genetic information that ispreserved and sensitivities above 95% even at copy numbers (genomeequivalents) below 5. See Table 3 and FIG. 7.

TABLE 3 Protocol with increased library efficiency and low amplification20 ul plasma cfDNA Genome cfDNA @1500 GEml Equivalents fragmentsefficiency Blood Draw 10 2.00E+08 DNA Extraction 9 1.80E+08 0.9 LibraryPrep 4.5 9.00E+07 0.5 Amplification 450 9.00E+09 100 Normalization and150 3.00E+09 0.33 Multiplexing Denaturation 90 1.80E+09 0.6 Sequencing0.25 5.00E+06 0.003

Example 2. Viability of Low Coverage Whole GenomeSequencing-by-Synthesis Using Ultra-Low Input Amounts of ccfDNA (1-20Genome Equivalents)

Male whole blood (10 ml) was collected via venous puncture into a Streckcell-free DNA BCT and processed to plasma by double-spin centrifugationas follows:

Spin 1-1330 rpm for 20 minutes, no brake

Spin 2-3300 rpm for 10 minutes

Plasma was stored at 4° C. or −80° C. until use. Circulating cell-freeDNA was extracted from the plasma using the 4 ml protocol for the QiagenCirculating Nucleic Acid Extraction Kit per manufacturer's protocol withelution in 55 μl of EB. Genome equivalents for each sample weredetermined using a SRY/RNase P Taqman biplex qPCR assay (LifeTechnologies) on a Quantstudio 6 real-time instrument. DNA librarieswere prepared using the NEBNext Ultra II DNA Library Prep Kit with theNEBNext Multiplex Oligos for Illumina (Index Set Primers 1) (New EnglandBiolabs). Template ccfDNA for library preparation was titrated 1:5 from96 GEs down to 1 GE per library. Libraries were generated using reducedvolumes to account for the stoichiometry of the lower template amounts.The volumes used depended on the input amount of template. Librarypreparation consisted of:

-   -   1. End-repair, 5′-phosphorylation and A-tailing with incubation        at 20° C. for 30 minutes followed by 65° C. for 30 minutes.    -   2. Adaptor ligation with incubation at 20° C. for 15 minutes        followed by cleavage of the ligated adaptor loop with incubation        at 37° C. for 15 minutes. Adaptors were diluted 1:25 to a 0.6 μM        working concentration. The cleaved, adaptor-ligated library was        then subjected to bead-based purification using SPRISelect        beads. The volume of beads was increased to 116 μl to further        enhance binding of highly-fragmented, low concentration ccfDNA        following adaptor ligation.    -   3. Library amplification/indexing with initial denaturation at        98° C. for 1 minute followed by 13 cycles of 98° C. denaturation        for 10 seconds and annealing/extension at 65° C. for 75 seconds        with final extension at 65° C. for 5 minutes. Amplified library        was then purified using SPRISelect beads (45 μl).

All libraries were sized and characterized using Agilent Bioanalyzer2100 with a High-Sensitivity DNA Chip (Agilent Technologies).Concentrations were determined using Qubit v3.0 (Life Technologies) forlibrary dilutions prior to sequencing. Each library was normalized to aconcentration of 2 nM and pooled for denaturation and dilution prior tosequencing. Sequencing-by-synthesis was conducted using an IlluminaNextSeq 550 at a loading concentration of 1.5 pM. Seventy-five cyclepaired-end sequencing (2×75) was conducted for each index/sample. Ingeneral, each sample generated approximately 4 million passed-filterreads in each direction. All sequencing data (fasta.gz files) wasaligned against the human reference genome build hg38 using Bowtie withalignment parameters “−k 1-n 0”. For further analysis, the human genomewas divided into consecutive 50,000 basepair regions, also called 50 kbbins, and the fraction of the base “G” and “C” was calculated for eachbin with an accuracy up to 3 decimals. For each bin the aligned sequencereads that start in a bin were counted. For further analysis the datawas reduced by filtering out bins not on chromosomes 1 to 22 (e.g.chromosomes X and Y were excluded). After this filtering, a Loessregression between GC content and read count per bin was performed andthe median bin count was calculated. The Loess regression provided anexpected bin count for each GC content value, also called the expectedvalue. This expected value was divided by the median bin count to get acorrection factor. The measured bin count was then divided by thecorrection factor resulting in a GC corrected bin count and the medianof the GC corrected bin count was calculated. All 50 kb bins weredivided by the median GC corrected bin count to yield GC normalized bincounts and for each bin a median and median absolute deviation (MAD) wascalculated. Bins with a low MAD and a median around the expected valueof 1 were selected (bins with MAD >=0.25 or Median <0.7 or Median >1.3were filtered out).

Electropherograms of libraries were generated from decreasing amounts ofccfDNA input and showed total library product decreases with input butadaptor dimer amounts do not increase significantly. See FIG. 8A-8C. They-axis shows relative fluorescence units (intensity) and the x-axisshows time in seconds. The primary peak at 70 seconds is the desired 300bp library product. From FIG. 8A to FIG. 8B to FIG. 8C, input genomeequivalents are titrated 1:5 from 20 GEs. Input down to 1 GE generatedsufficient library for viable sequencing-by-synthesis with acceptablesequencing metrics compared to other euploid samples with much highertemplate input.

Example 3. Detection of Low Fraction Y-Chromosome (2.5% or Greater)Using Low Coverage Whole Genome Sequencing-by-Synthesis with Ultra-LowInput Amounts of ccfDNA (10 Genome Equivalents) Isolated from CapillaryBlood

Female or male whole blood was collected by finger-tip capillary bedpuncture using a contact-activated lancet (BD Microtainer) and bloodcollection into a SAFE-T_FILL capillary collection device (KABELabortechnik, GMBH). Capillary blood was processed to plasma bydouble-spin centrifugation as follows:

Spin 1-1330 rpm for 20 minutes

Spin 2-3300 rpm for 10 minutes

Plasma was stored at 4° C. until use. Male plasma was spiked into femaleplasma at varying percentages ranging from 2.5%-20% by volume.Circulating cell-free DNA was then extracted from the plasma using amodified protocol for 10 ul of plasma with the MagMax Cell-Free DNAIsolation Kit (Life Technologies). Isolation consisted of the followingsteps:

-   -   1. Incubation of plasma with Proteinase K (volume dependent on        starting input) at 60° C. for 20 minutes.    -   2. Lysis/binding of plasma to DynaBeads MyOne Silane        paramagnetic beads (2.5-5u1) with binding for 10 minutes at room        temperature.    -   3. Washing of the bead/ccfDNA complex (volume dependent on        starting input).    -   4. Rinse bead/ccfDNA complex with 80% ethanol (volume dependent        on starting input).    -   5. Elution of ccfDNA from beads (volume dependent on starting        input) with incubation at room temperature for 2 minutes.

Genome equivalents for each sample were estimated to be 1 GE/μl ofplasma based on previous extractions at volumes ranging from 10 μl-4000μl and published data. All of the eluted ccfDNA was used as input forlibrary generation. DNA libraires were prepared using the NEBNext UltraII DNA Library Prep Kit with the NEBNext Multiplex Oligos for Illumina(Index Set Primers 1) (New England Biolabs). Libraries were generatedusing reduced volumes to account for the stoichiometry of the lowertemplate amounts. The volumes used depended on the input amount oftemplate. Library preparation consisted of:

-   -   1. End-repair, 5-phophphorylation and A-tailing with incubation        at 20° C. for 30 minutes followed by 65° C. for 30 minutes.    -   2. Adaptor ligation with incubation at 20° C. for 15 minutes        followed by cleavage of the ligated adaptor loop with incubation        at 37° C. for 15 minutes. Adaptors were diluted 1:25 to a 0.6 μM        working concentration. The cleaved, adaptor-ligated library was        then subjected to bead-based purification using SPRISelect        beads. The volume of beads was increased to 116 μl to further        enhance binding of highly-fragmented, low concentration ccfDNA        following adaptor ligation.    -   3. Library amplification/indexing with initial denaturation at        98° C. for 1 minute followed by 13 cycles of 98° C. denaturation        for 10 seconds and annealing/extension at 65° C. for 75 seconds        with final extension at 65° C. for 5 minutes. Amplified library        was then purified using SPRISelect beads (45u1).

All libraries were sized and characterized using Agilent Bioanalyzer2100 with a High-Sensitivity DNA Chip (Agilent Technologies).Concentrations were determined using Qubit v3.0 (Life Technologies) forlibrary dilutions prior to sequencing. Each library was normalized to aconcentration of 2 nM and pooled for denaturation and dilution prior tosequencing. Sequencing-by-synthesis was conducted using an IlluminaNextSeq 550 at a loading concentration of 1.5 pM. Seventy-five cyclepaired-end sequencing (2×75) was conducted for each index/sample. Ingeneral, each sample generated approximately 4 million passed-filter.All sequencing data (fasta.gz files) was aligned against the humanreference genome build hg38 using Bowtie with alignment parameters “−k1-n 0”. For further analysis, the human genome was divided intoconsecutive 50,000 basepair regions, also called 50 kb bins, and thefraction of the base “G” and “C” was calculated for each bin with anaccuracy up to 3 decimals. For each bin the aligned sequence reads thatstart in a bin were calculated. For further analysis the data wasreduced by filtering out bins not on chromosomes 1 to 22 (e.g.chromosomes X and Y were excluded). After this filtering, a Loessregression between GC content and read count per bin was performed andthe median bin count was calculated. The Loess regression provided anexpected bin count for each GC content value, also called the expectedvalue. This expected value was divided by the median bin count to get acorrection factor. The measured bin count was then divided by thecorrection factor resulting in a GC corrected bin count and the medianof the GC corrected bin count was calculated. All 50 kb bins weredivided by the median GC corrected bin count to yield GC normalized bincounts and for each bin a median and median absolute deviation (MAD) wascalculated. Bins with a low MAD and a median around the expected valueof 1 were selected (bins with MAD >=0.25 or Median <0.7 or Median >1.3were filtered out). Specifically for the calculation of Y chromosomerepresentation, LOESS regression was performed for bins originating onchromosome Y. See FIG. 10 and FIG. 11. FIG. 10 shows detection of lowfraction Y-chromosome (2.5% or greater) using low coverage Whole GenomeSequencing-by-Synthesis with ultra-low input amounts of cfDNA isolatedfrom capillary blood/plasma mixtures of female and male DNA. With theultra-low amounts of cfDNA in mixtures of female/male plasma derivedfrom capillary blood collected by a finger prick, we still acorresponding increase of chromosome Y representation with increasingamounts of male capillary blood derived plasma. FIG. 11 shows a cfDNAfragment size distribution comparison between cfDNA from capillary bloodand venous blood based on paired end sequencing data. Size profiles ofcfDNA from ultra-low amounts of plasma derived from venous blood andcapillary blood look similar.A percentage representation of sequencereads originating from chromosome Y was calculated by summing up all GCnormalized values for bins originating on chromosome Y and dividing bythe sum of all GC normalized values, excluding those originating fromchromosome 21 and 19.

Example 4. Detection of Low Fraction Y-Chromosome (2.5% or Greater)Using Low Coverage Whole Genome Sequencing-by-Synthesis with Ultra-LowInput Amounts of ccfDNA (10 Genome Equivalents)

Female or male whole blood (10 ml) was collected by venous puncture intoa Streck cell-free DNA BCT and processed to plasma by double-spincentrifugation as follows:

Spin 1-1330 rpm for 20 minutes, no brake

Spin 2-3300 rpm for 10 minutes

Plasma was stored at 4° C. until use. Male plasma was spiked into femaleplasma at varying percentages ranging from 2.5%-20% by volume.Circulating cell-free DNA was then extracted from the plasma using amodified protocol for 10 μl or 20 μl of plasma with the MagMax Cell-FreeDNA Isolation Kit (Life Technologies). Isolation consisted of thefollowing steps:

-   -   6. Incubation of plasma with Proteinase K (volume dependent on        starting input) at 60° C. for 20 minutes.    -   7. Lysis/binding of plasma to DynaBeads MyOne Silane        paramagnetic beads (2.5-5 μl) with binding for 10 minutes at        room temperature.    -   8. Washing of the bead/ccfDNA complex (volume dependent on        starting input).    -   9. Rinse bead/ccfDNA complex with 80% ethanol (volume dependent        on starting input).    -   10. Elution of ccfDNA from beads (volume dependent on starting        input) with incubation at room temperature for 2 minutes.

Genome equivalents for each sample were estimated to be 1 GE/ul ofplasma based on previous extractions at volumes ranging from 10 ul-4000ul and published data. All of the eluted ccfDNA was used as input forlibrary generation. DNA libraries were prepared using the NEBNext UltraII DNA Library Prep Kit with the NEBNext Multiplex Oligos for Illumina(Index Set Primers 1) (New England Biolabs). Libraries were generatedusing reduced volumes to account for the stoichiometry of the lowertemplate amounts. The volumes used depended on the input amount oftemplate. Library preparation consisted of:

-   -   4. End-repair, 5-phophphorylation and A-tailing with incubation        at 20° C. for 30 minutes followed by 65° C. for 30 minutes.    -   5. Adaptor ligation with incubation at 20° C. for 15 minutes        followed by cleavage of the ligated adaptor loop with incubation        at 37° C. for 15 minutes. Adaptors were diluted 1:25 to a 0.6 uM        working concentration. The cleaved, adaptor-ligated library was        then subjected to bead-based purification using SPRISelect        beads. The volume of beads was increased to 116 ul to further        enhance binding of highly-fragmented, low concentration ccfDNA        following adaptor ligation.    -   6. Library amplification/indexing with initial denaturation at        98° C. for 1 minute followed by 13 cycles of 98° C. denaturation        for 10 seconds and annealing/extension at 65° C. for 75 seconds        with final extension at 65° C. for 5 minutes. Amplified library        was then purified using SPRISelect beads (45u1).

All libraries were sized and characterized using Agilent Bioanalyzer2100 with a High-Sensitivity DNA Chip (Agilent Technologies).Concentrations were determined using Qubit v3.0 (Life Technologies) forlibrary dilutions prior to sequencing. Each library was normalized to aconcentration of 2 nM and pooled for denaturation and dilution prior tosequencing. Sequencing-by-synthesis was conducted using an IlluminaNextSeq 550 at a loading concentration of 1.5 pM. Seventy-five cyclepaired-end sequencing (2×75) was conducted for each index/sample. Ingeneral, each sample generated approximately 4 million passed-filter.All sequencing data (fasta.gz files) was aligned against the humanreference genome build hg38 using Bowtie with alignment parameters “−k1-n 0”. For further analysis, the human genome was divided intoconsecutive 50,000 basepair regions, also called 50 kb bins, and thefraction of the base “G” and “C” was calculated for each bin with anaccuracy up to 3 decimals. For each bin aligned sequence reads thatstart in a bin were counted. For further analysis the data was reducedby filtering out bins not on chromosomes 1 to 22 (e.g. chromosomes X andY were excluded). After this filtering, a Loess regression between GCcontent and read count per bin was performed and the median bin countwas calculated. The Loess regression provided an expected bin count foreach GC content value, also called the expected value. This expectedvalue was divided by the median bin count to get a correction factor.The measured bin count was then divided by the correction factorresulting in a GC corrected bin count and the median of the GC correctedbin count was calculated. All 50 kb bins were divided by the median GCcorrected bin count to yield GC normalized bin counts and for each bin amedian and median absolute deviation (MAD) was calculated. Bins with alow MAD and a median around the expected value of 1 were selected (binswith MAD >=0.25 or Median <0.7 or Median >1.3 were filtered out).

Specifically for the calculation of Y chromosome representation, a LOESSregression was also performed for bins originating on chromosome Y. Apercentage representation of sequence reads originating from chromosomeY was calculated by summing up all GC normalized values for binsoriginating on chromosome Y and dividing by the sum of all GC normalizedvalues, excluding those originating from chromosome 21 and 19. See FIG.9. FIG. 9 shows detection of low fraction Y-chromosome (2.5% or greater)using low coverage Whole Genome Sequencing-by-Synthesis with ultra-lowamounts of cfDNA (10 genome equivalents) isolated from venous blood.Male plasma was mixed into female plasma at fixed amounts to createfemale/male plasma mixtures. cfDNA was extracted from the plasmamixtures and sequenced. The representation of chromosome Y wasdetermined to show that with increasing amount of male plasma mixed intofemale plasma a corresponding increase in chromosome Y representationcan still be detected precisely from ultra-low input amounts of cfDNA.

Example 5. Detection of Fetal Chromosomal Aneuploidy Using Low CoverageWhole Genome Sequencing-by-Synthesis with Ultra-Low Input Amounts ofccfDNA (10 Genome Equivalents

Whole blood (10 ml) was collected via venous puncture into a Streckcell-free DNA BCT and processed to plasma by double-spin centrifugation.Plasma was processed fresh, stored at 4° C. or −80° C. until use.Circulating cell-free DNA was then extracted from the plasma using amodified protocol for 1.2 ml of plasma with paramagnetic beads.Isolation consisted of the following steps:

-   -   1. Incubation of plasma with Proteinase K, glycogen and Lysis        Buffer and beads at room temperature for 20 minutes for        lysis/binding.    -   2. Washing of the bead/ccfDNA complex.    -   3. Elution of ccfDNA from beads (42 μl) with incubation at        55° C. temperature for 10 minutes.

Extracted DNA was quantified for upstream applications. All samples werenormalized to 33 pg (10GEs) total input per library. DNA libraries wereprepared using the NEBNext Ultra II DNA Library Prep Kit with theNEBNext Multiplex Oligos for Illumina (Index Set Primers 1) (New EnglandBiolabs). Libraries were generated using reduced volumes to account forthe stoichiometry of the lower template amounts. The volumes useddepended on the input amount of template. Library preparation consistedof:

-   -   1. End-repair, 5-phophphorylation and A-tailing with incubation        at 20° C. for 30 minutes followed by 65° C. for 30 minutes.    -   2. Adaptor ligation with incubation at 20° C. for 15 minutes        followed by cleavage of the ligated adaptor loop with incubation        at 37° C. for 15 minutes. Adaptors were diluted 1:25 to a 0.6 uM        working concentration. The cleaved, adaptor-ligated library was        then subjected to bead-based purification using SPRISelect        beads. The volume of beads was increased to 116u1 to further        enhance binding of highly-fragmented, low concentration ccfDNA        following adaptor ligation.    -   3. Library amplification/indexing with initial denaturation at        98° C. for 1 minute followed by 13 cycles of 98° C. denaturation        for 10 seconds and annealing/extension at 65° C. for 75 seconds        with final extension at 65° C. for 5 minutes. Amplified library        was then purified using SPRISelect beads (45u1).

All libraries were sized and characterized using Agilent Bioanalyzer2100 with a High-Sensitivity DNA Chip (Agilent Technologies).Concentrations were determined using Qubit v3.0 (Life Technologies) forlibrary dilutions prior to sequencing. Each library was normalized to aconcentration of 2 nM and pooled for denaturation and dilution prior tosequencing. Sequencing-by-synthesis was conducted using an IlluminaNextSeq 550 at a loading concentration of 1.5 pM. Seventy-five cyclepaired-end sequencing (2×75) was conducted for each index/sample. Ingeneral, each sample generated approximately 4 million passed-filter.All sequencing data (fasta.gz files) was aligned against the humanreference genome build hg38 using Bowtie with alignment parameters “−k1-n 0”. For further analysis, the human genome was divided intoconsecutive 50,000 basepair regions, also called 50 kb bins, and thefraction of the base “G” and “C” was calculated for each bin with anaccuracy up to 3 decimals. For each bin the aligned sequence reads thatstart in a bin were counted. For further analysis the data was reducedby filtering out bins not on chromosomes 1 to 22 (e.g. chromosomes X andY were excluded). After this filtering, a Loess regression between GCcontend and read count per bin was performed and the median bin countwas calculated. The Loess regression provided an expected bin count foreach GC content value, also called the expected value. This expectedvalue was divided by the median bin count to get a correction factor.The measured bin count was then divided by the correction factorresulting in a GC corrected bin count and the median of the GC correctedbin count was calculated. All 50 kb bins were divided by the median GCcorrected bin count to yield GC normalized bin counts and for each bin amedian and median absolute deviation (MAD) was calculated. Bins with alow MAD and a median around the expected value of 1 were selected (binswith MAD >=0.25 or Median <0.7 or Median >1.3 were filtered out).

From the reduced and normalized data, all sequence bins originating onchromosome 21 were identified. The percentage representation of sequencereads originating from chromosome 21 was calculated by summing up all GCnormalized values for bins originating on chromosome 21 and dividing thesum by the sum of all GC normalized values excluding GC normalizedvalues of bins originating from chromosome 21 and 19 (as well as otherchromosomes already excluded in earlier steps, e.g. X and Y, chromosomesother than 1-22). The median and MAD of the chromosomes 21representation were then calculated from a set of known euploid samples(reference samples). For each sample the median chromosome 21representation was subtracted from the sample specific chromosome 21representation resulting in a sample specific difference. This samplespecific difference was divided by the chromosome 21 representation MAD,providing a value referred to as the Z-score. Test samples were thenclassify based on their Z-score, where samples with a Z-score of 3 andhigher were classified as trisomic and samples with a Z-score of lessthan 3 were classified as euploid. See FIG. 12. The reference sample setused consisted of 36 sequencing results overall. 20 were obtained fromone male individual. Libraries were generated with various amounts ofultra-low input amounts of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA): 2sequencing libraries were generated from 1 Genomes Equivalent (GE) ofcfDNA input amount (˜3.5 pg of cfDNA); 2 sequencing libraries weregenerated from 4 GE of cfDNA (˜14 pg of cfDNA); 4 sequencing librarieswere generated from 10 GE of cfDNA (˜35 pg of cfDNA); 2 sequencinglibraries at 19 GE of cfDNA; 3 sequencing libraries at 25 GE of cfDNA; 3sequencing libraries at 50 GE of cfDNA; 1 sequencing library at 96 GE ofcfDNA; 2 sequencing libraries at 100 GE of cfDNA; 1 sequencing libraryat 2000 GE of cfDNA.

Data was also analyzed to establish a reference sample independentmethod to determine the presence of a fetal trisomy from ultra-low inputcirculating cell-free DNA from blood of a pregnant woman. All sequencingdata (fasta.gz files) was aligned against the human reference genomebuild hg38 using Bowtie with alignment parameters “−k 1-n 0”. Forfurther analysis, the human genome was divided into consecutive 50,000basepair regions, also called 50 kb bins, and the fraction of the base“G” and “C” was calculated for each bin with an accuracy up to 3decimals. For each bin the aligned sequence reads that start in a binwere counted.

For further analysis, data was reduced by filtering out bins not onchromosomes 1 to 22 (e.g. chromosomes X and Y were excluded). After thisfiltering, a Loess regression between GC contend and read count per binwas performed and the median bin count was calculated. The Loessregression provided an expected bin count for each GC content value,also called the expected value. This expected value was divided by themedian bin count to get a correction factor. The measured bin count wasthen divided by the correction factor resulting in a GC corrected bincount and the median of the GC corrected bin count was calculated.

All 50 kb bins were divided by the median GC corrected bin count toyield GC normalized bin counts and for each bin a median and medianabsolute deviation (MAD) was calculated. Bins with a low MAD and amedian around the expected value of 1 were selected (bins withMAD >=0.25 or Median <0.7 or Median >1.3 were filtered out).

To detect a potential chromosomal aberration (e.g., trisomy), for eachtest sample all bins that originate from one chromosome were selectedand a correction factor was subtracted. Specific correction values usedin this analysis were: Chr1 0.018246891, Chr2 0.020434185, Chr30.011982353, Chr4 0.001049686, Chr5 0.020581150, Chr6 0.009152075, Chr70.005677261, Chr8 0.022754399, Chr9 0.015059119, Chr10 0.021188753,Chr11 0.017143964, Chr12 0.007069202 Chr13 0.002157471, Chr140.010356892, Chr15 0.019037573, Chr16 0.009929239, Chr17 0.004990359,Chr18 0.023177486, Chr19-0.063998368, Chr20 0.042335516, Chr210.00498782, Chr22 0.025008553.

Then the number of bins originating from chromosome 21 in this filteredset (657 in this data set) was counted and then the same amount of bins(657) were selected randomly from all available bins such that theycontain bins originating from various different chromosomes. Then apercentage representation was calculated for this set of randomlyselected bins. All GC normalized values were summed up for this set ofrandomly selected bins and divided by the sum of all GC normalizedvalues. The last steps were repeated ten-thousand times and each valuewas stored. Then a percentage representation of sequence readsoriginating from chromosome 21 was calculated by summing up all GCnormalized values for bins originating from chromosome 21 and thisnumber was divided by the sum of all GC normalized values. It wascalculated how many times the percentage representation of the binsoriginating from chromosome 21 was higher than the chromosomerepresentation from the ten-thousand repeats of randomly selected bins.See FIG. 13. The sum divided by 10,000 is a value between 0 and 1,referred to as “percentile” herein. Samples were classified based ontheir percentile value: a value of ten-thousand (percentile 1)classifies the sample as a trisomy, a value lower than ten-thousand(percentile below 1) classifies the sample as euploid.

Example 6. In-Home Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing

A pregnant woman with a history of miscarriages suspects she is pregnantagain and that she is probably about 6 weeks into gestation. She wouldlike to know as soon as possible if she is actually pregnant and if thefetus has any genetic abnormalities that may put it at risk. Shepurchases a Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing device disclosed herein andtakes it home. With the emotional support of her closest family membersand friends present, she initiates the test by pressing her fingeragainst a microneedle array in a well of the device. A nanoporesequencer in the device sequences a sufficient amount of nucleic acidsin her blood sample (less than 10⁹ fetal nucleic acids) to revealdesired genetic information in less than about one hour. A USB port orwireless technology relays the sequence information to an app on herphone or a website on her computer. The app or website employs softwareto obtain genetic information from the sequencing reads, revealing apanel of results for the woman to review. Alternatively, the deviceitself has software to read the sequences and produce a panel in awindow of the device. The panel confirms the woman is pregnant andincludes information about whether the fetus has a known chromosomalaberration (e.g., trisomy of chromosome 13, 16, 18, 21, 22, and/or X/Y)or other genetic abnormality. The panel also confirms she is pregnantand that she is expecting a boy.

Example 7: Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing with Microvolumes of MaternalSample

Performing a simulation at lower limit of fetal fraction (4%) that takesinto account the losses of standard methods during DNA Extraction(efficiency 90%) and library preparation (efficiency 10%) as well as thePCR amplification (˜10 cycles) shows that accuracy decreases below 25(inflection point at 10) copies of input DNA material. Accuracy at 10copies is reduced to 89% and at 5 copies to 81%, both values would notbe acceptable in a market that requires ˜95% theoretical accuracy forsamples at 4% fetal fraction. See FIG. 7 light grey line.

When increasing the library efficiency (to 50%, versus 10%) anddecreasing the amplification, more information is preserved andsensitivities above 95% can be achieved even at copy numbers (genomeequivalents) below 5. See FIG. 7, dark grey line.

TABLE 4 Workflow for obtaining fetal genetic information from 20 μlplasma 20 μl plasma cfDNA Genome @1500 genome Equivalents Total cfDNAequiv. per ml (fetal + maternal) fragments Efficiency Blood Draw 102.00E+08 DNA Extraction 9 1.80E+08 0.9 Library Prep 4.5 9.00E+07 0.5Amplification 450 9.00E+09 100 Normalization and 150 3.00E+09 0.33Multiplexing Denaturation 90 1.80E+09 0.6 Sequencing 0.25 5.00E+06 0.003

Example 8: Analysis of Fetal Chromosomal Abnormality by Whole GenomeSequencing of Cell-Free DNA from Pregnant Women

180 pg of cell-free DNA was obtained from a biological fluid of apregnant woman, an amount that is equivalent to the amount of cell-freeDNA in about 100 μl of blood. The cell-free DNA was purified with a DNArepair kit and contained in a buffered solution to preserve itsintegrity.

In order to prepare the cell-free DNA for sequencing, ends of thecell-free DNA fragments were repaired with a DNA fragment end repairkit. Next, the repaired ends were ligated to adapters to produce adapterligated DNA.

The adapter ligated DNA was purified by incubating the adapter ligatedDNA with beads that can bind DNA. Using a magnet to trap the beads, thebeads with the DNA were washed several times with an ethanol solution,before the adapter ligated DNA was eluted from the beads.

Cycled amplification of the adapter ligated DNA was performed with aninitial denaturation step at 98° C. for 30 seconds, followed by 10cycles of 98° C. for 10 seconds and 65° C. for 75 seconds, followed by afinal extension at 65° C. for 5 minutes. Optionally, the adapter ligatedDNA can be amplified with the use of an index primer, which can beuseful in a case of running multiple samples on the same sequencer run.These were different from unique barcodes/tags introduced prior tolibrary amplification. Similar to the adapter ligated DNA, the amplifiedDNA was purified with a bead and magnet system. The resulting purifiedamplified DNA was subjected to sequencing.

Sequencing was performed with a high throughput sequencing machine thatgenerates millions of sequencing reads with read lengths of 30 to 500base pairs. The indices allowed for obtaining sequencing reads frommultiple sample simultaneously. Approximately 4 million reads wereobtained per sample per sequencing run.

For each sample the following steps were performed:

Sequence alignment to detect the genomic origin of all sequence reads.

Subsets of the genome were put into non-overlapping bins of 50 kblength. GC content was calculated for each bin based on a referencegenome. The number of sequence reads located in each of the bin regionswas counted. A linear model for the relationship between GC-content andcount of the bins was calculated according to y=ax+b (y: expectedcounts, a: slope, x: GC content, b: intercept). The count per bin wasadjusted based on the linear model to reduce GC bias. For each bin thedifference between the median count of all bins was calculated and theexpected count value was subtracted from the linear fit. This differencewas added to the observed count value for each respective bin. Thepercentage of sequence reads that originated from a chromosome ofinterest was calculated. In this example, the chromosome of interest waschromosome 21.

A set of reference samples was used to calculate the percentage ofsequence reads that originate from chromosome 21 (referred to as refp21). The median value (referred to as ref med) was calculated, alongwith the median absolute deviation (MAD) (referred to as ref.mad) forthe set of ref p21 samples.

Similar values were measured in at least one test sample (same protocolas described above). The percentage of sequence reads that originatefrom chromosome 21, (referred to as test.p21) were calculated. For eachsample the Z-score was calculated by calculating a difference betweenthe test sample percentage of sequence reads that originate fromchromosome 21 and the median of the reference (test.p21-ref med) anddividing this difference by the median absolute deviation of thereference set ([test.p21-ref.med]/mad.ref). See FIG. 3 for results.

If it was found that the Z-score value was above a predetermined cut-off(typically the cutoff is equal to 3), the sample could be interpreted tohave an overrepresentation of genomic material originating fromchromosome 21. This overrepresentation was indicative for a fetaltrisomy 21. Conversely, if the Z-score was below a predetermined cutoff,the sample could be interpreted to have a normal or underrepresentationof genomic material. This analysis could be applied to other chromosomesor chromosomal regions.

Example 9. Detecting Genetic Abnormalities by Sequencing Cell-Free FetalNucleic Acids in Maternal Plasma

A blood sample is collected from a pregnant subject. The pregnantsubject may be as little as 5 weeks into gestation. In some cases, sheis as little as 7 weeks into gestation. In some instances, the pregnantsubject collects the blood herself by pricking her finger on a device athome. The pregnant subject sends her sample, either in the device or ina container to a laboratory that has sample processing and sequencingequipment. Alternatively, the device performs sample processing (e.g.,purification, target enrichment) and/or sequencing, and thus, thepregnant subject does not need to send her sample to a laboratory. Thefinger prick obtains about 100 μl of blood, of which about 50 μl ofplasma or serum is obtained. The 50 μl of plasma contains about1.5×10{circumflex over ( )}8 of cell-free fetal nucleic acids, becausethe percentage of cell-free fetal nucleic acids in the total cell-freenucleic acids of the plasma sample at the time of sampling is on average10%. In some instances, the fetal fraction is only 4%, and the 100 μlblood sample contains about 6×10¹′7 of cell-free fetal nucleic acids.Because the percentage of cell-free fetal nucleic acids in the totalcell-free nucleic acids of the plasma sample can be as low as 1%, theminimum volume of blood that should be obtained from the subject toensure reliable information at any stage of pregnancy is about 2 μl.

Example 10. Detecting Genetic Abnormalities by Sequencing Cell-FreeFetal Nucleic Acids in Maternal Urine

A urine sample is collected from a pregnant subject. The pregnantsubject may be as little as 5 weeks into gestation. In some cases, sheis as little as 7 weeks into gestation. In some instances, the pregnantsubject collects the urine herself at home. The pregnant subject sendsher sample, either in the device or in a container to a laboratory thathas sample processing and sequencing equipment. Alternatively, thepregnant subject puts the urine sample in a home device that performssample processing (e.g., purification, target enrichment) and/orsequencing, and thus, the pregnant subject does not need to send hersample to a laboratory. In some cases, the urine sample has a volume ofabout 100 μl. The 100 μl of urine contains about 8×10{circumflex over( )}10 cell-free fetal nucleic acids, because the percentage ofcell-free fetal nucleic acids in the total cell-free nucleic acids ofthe urine sample at the time of sampling is 4%, and the typicalconcentration of cell-free nucleic acids in urine is 8×10{circumflexover ( )}11 fragments per ml. In some instances, the fetal fraction is4%, and the urine sample contains about 3.2×10{circumflex over ( )}9cell-free fetal nucleic acids. Because the percentage of cell-free fetalnucleic acids in the total cell-free nucleic acids of the urine samplecan be as low as 1%, the minimum volume of urine that should be obtainedfrom the subject to ensure reliable information at any stage ofpregnancy is about 2 μl.

Example 11. Detecting Genetic Abnormalities by Counting Cell-Free FetalNucleic Acids in Maternal Plasma in a Laboratory from a Home-CollectedSample

A blood sample is collected from a pregnant subject. The pregnantsubject may be as little as 5 weeks into gestation. In some cases, sheis as little as 7 weeks into gestation. In some instances, the pregnantsubject collects capillary blood herself, for example, by pricking herfinger, on a device at home. In some instances, the device separates theblood into plasma. The pregnant subject sends her blood (or plasmasample) in the device or a container to a laboratory that has reagentsand equipment for sample processing, nucleic acid library preparationand sequencing. In some instances, library preparation involves taggingcell-free fetal nucleic acids with a label or signal that is counted orquantified. In some instances, the label or signal is connected to anoligonucleotide that hybridizes to specific cell-free fetal nucleicacids.

The amount of the specific cell-free fetal nucleic acids is translatedinto a quantity through the signal or label, and is detected by thepregnant subject, the device or a technician performing the analysis.The finger prick obtains about 100 μl of blood, of which about 50 μl ofplasma or serum is obtained. The 50 μl of plasma contains about1.5×10{circumflex over ( )}8 cell-free fetal nucleic acids, because thepercentage of cell-free fetal nucleic acids in the total cell-freenucleic acids of the plasma sample at the time of sampling is about 10%.In some instances, the fetal fraction is about 4%, and the 100 μl bloodsample contains about 6×10{circumflex over ( )}7 cell-free fetal nucleicacids. Because the percentage of cell-free fetal nucleic acids in thetotal cell-free nucleic acids of the plasma sample can be as low as 1%,the minimum volume of blood that should be obtained from the subject toensure reliable information at any stage of pregnancy is about 2 μl.

Results of analysis in the lab are sent to the pregnant subjectelectronically.

Example 12. Detecting Genetic Abnormalities by Counting Cell-Free FetalNucleic Acids in Maternal Plasma in a Laboratory from a Home-ProcessedSample

A blood sample is collected from a pregnant subject. The pregnantsubject may be as little as 5 weeks into gestation. In some cases, sheis as little as 7 weeks into gestation. In some instances, the pregnantsubject collects the blood herself by pricking her finger on a device athome. The device performs sample processing (e.g., purification, targetenrichment) and library preparation. Thus, the pregnant subject onlyneed send her processed and prepared sample to a sequencing facility orfacility capable of sequencing nucleic acids.

The amount of the specific cell-free fetal nucleic acids is translatedinto a quantity through the signal or label, and is detected by thepregnant subject, the device or a technician performing the analysis.The finger prick obtains about 100 μl of blood, of which about 50 μl ofplasma or serum is obtained. The 50 μl of plasma contains about1.5×10{circumflex over ( )}8 cell-free fetal nucleic acids, because thepercentage of cell-free fetal nucleic acids in the total cell-freenucleic acids of the plasma sample at the time of sampling is about 10%.In some instances, the fetal fraction is about 4%, and the 100 μl bloodsample contains about 6×10{circumflex over ( )}7 cell-free fetal nucleicacids. Because the percentage of cell-free fetal nucleic acids in thetotal cell-free nucleic acids of the plasma sample can be as low as 1%,the minimum volume of blood that should be obtained from the subject toensure reliable information at any stage of pregnancy is about 2 μl.

Results of analysis in the lab are sent to the pregnant subjectelectronically.

Example 13. Detecting a Fetal Trisomy

Reads from each chromosome are roughly represented according to thelength of the chromosome. Most reads are obtained from chromosome 1,while the fewest reads from an autosome will originate from chromosome21. A common method for detecting a trisomic sample is to measure thepercentage of reads originating from a chromosome in a population ofeuploid samples. Next a mean and a standard deviation for this set ofchromosome percentage values are calculated. A cutoff value isdetermined by adding three standard deviations to the mean. If a newsample has a chromosome percentage value above the cutoff value, anoverrepresentation of that chromosome can be assumed, which is oftenconsistent with a trisomy of the chromosome.

For a pregnant subject with a euploid fetus, the average value for thepercentage of reads obtained from chromosome 21 is 1.27% with a standarddeviation of 0.01 percent. Therefore the cutoff to indicate a trisomy is1.30%. This theoretical example shows a trisomy sample with a fetalfraction of 10% and a chromosome 21 percentage of 1.34. The sample isabove the cutoff and would be correctly classified as a trisomy sample.Exemplary averages of chromosome percentages for all chromosomes in aeuploid subject's sample with a euploid fetus, as well as percentagesfor all chromosomes in a euploid subject's sample with an aneuploidfetus is shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Average of chromosome percentages for chromosomes Cutoff forchro- mosome percentage Average of to enable trisomy chromosome Standarddetection based Example of percentages deviation of on mean plus trisomyChro- for a euploid chromosome three standard 21 sample mosome samplepercentages deviations method percentages 1 8.38 0.02 8.46 8.39 2 8.510.02 8.59 8.48 3 6.92 0.02 7.01 6.93 4 6.27 0.03 6.39 6.22 5 6.18 0.036.31 6.18 6 5.88 0.02 5.96 5.87 7 5.55 0.01 5.61 5.54 8 5.13 0.02 5.205.13 9 4.10 0.01 4.15 4.08 10 4.96 0.01 5.00 4.97 11 4.87 0.01 4.91 4.8512 4.76 0.03 4.86 4.75 13 3.23 0.02 3.32 3.21 14 3.21 0.02 3.28 3.20 153.02 0.02 3.09 3.06 16 3.07 0.02 3.15 3.07 17 3.07 0.02 3.17 3.04 182.69 0.01 2.72 2.68 19 2.27 0.03 2.40 2.28 20 2.44 0.03 2.55 2.44 211.27 0.01 1.30 1.34 22 1.46 0.02 1.54 1.45 X 2.50 0.02 * 2.47 Y 0.250.01 * 0.24 * a similar cutoff is not available for sex chromosomes,because this exemplary method is only applicable to autosomes.

Example 14: Device for Analysis of Fetal Cell-Free Nucleic Acids fromMaternal Blood

A device for separating plasma from whole blood for the purpose ofanalyzing cell-free nucleic acids comprises 6 layers. From bottom to topthese are:

(1) Lower Adhesive Sheet

(2) Lower Separation Disc: 16 mm diameter disc of adhesive sheetmaterial (polymer material that is inert to DNA or Plasma) with glue onthe side facing the Lower Adhesive Sheet

(3) Polyethersulfone (PES) membrane, various sizes, typically between 6and 16 mm, preferred design features 10 mm PES membrane. The membraneserves as wicking material which attracts the plasma from the filterthrough capillary force.

(4) Filter Disc (e.g., Pall Vivid™ Membrane), 16 mm diameter, rough sidefacing up, shiny side facing the PES membrane.

(5) Upper Separation Disc: same material as Lower Separation Disc, size12 or 14 mm diameter, containing a 4 mm hole in the center. When usingadhesive sheet material, now the glue side is facing up to meet theUpper Adhesive Sheet. The Upper Separation Disc is smaller than theFilter Disc in diameter. This allows the glue from the Upper AdhesiveSheet to interact with the edges of the Filter Disc and thereby sealingit at the edges.

(6) Upper Adhesive Sheet, a 6 mm hole is punched in the location wherethe center of the device will be located.

All layers are lined up at their center and then laminated using astandard office lamination machine.

The device is configured to perform the test described in Example 6.

Application of blood and filtration to the device occurs as follows:

100 μl of whole blood is applied to the center of the device through ahole in an Upper Adhesive Sheet and a hole in an Upper Separation Disc.The blood distributes centripetally throughout a Filter Disc bycapillary forces. Plasma is also wicked through the Filter Disc into aPES membrane by capillary forces. After about two minutes, the maximumamount of plasma has been transferred into the PES membrane. The deviceor portion thereof with the PES membrane is shipped to a laboratory forDNA testing.

The PES membrane containing cell-free nucleic acids is recovered asfollows:

The PES membrane is removed from the device. For example, the device iscut out around the edges of the PES membrane. The membrane separateseasily from the Filter and the Lower Disc.

DNA is eluted from the membrane as follows:

The PES membrane containing the plasma is transferred into an Eppendorftube (0.5 ml) and 100 μl of elution buffer are added (elution buffer canbe H₂O, EB buffer (QGEN), PBS, TE or others suitable for subsequentmolecular analysis). After elution of the DNA from the membrane, thebuffer, containing the eluted cfDNA, is subjected to genetic analysiswhich involves nucleic acid amplification, tagging, sequencing, or acombination thereof.

While preferred embodiments of the devices, systems and kits disclosedherein have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to thoseskilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of exampleonly. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur tothose skilled in the art without departing from the devices, systems andkits disclosed herein. It should be understood that various alternativesto the embodiments of the devices, systems and kits disclosed herein maybe employed in practicing the invention. It is intended that thefollowing claims define the scope of the devices, systems and kits andthat methods and structures within the scope of these claims and theirequivalents be covered thereby.

What is claimed is: 1) A method comprising: a) obtaining capillary bloodfrom a subject, wherein the capillary blood comprises cell-free nucleicacids; b) optionally amplifying the cell-free nucleic acids; c) taggingat least a portion of the cell-free nucleic acids to produce a libraryof tagged cell-free nucleic acids; d) optionally amplifying the taggedcell-free nucleic acids; e) sequencing at least a portion of the taggedcell-free nucleic acids; and f) detecting a normal representation, anoverrepresentation or an underrepresentation of at least one targetsequence in the at least a portion of the tagged cell-free nucleicacids. 2) The method of claim 1, comprising producing a library havingan efficiency of at least 0.5. 3) The method of claim 1, comprisingamplifying the cell-free nucleic acids or tagged cell-free nucleic acidsin the presence of a crowding agent. 4) The method of any one of claim1, comprising repairing ends of the cell-free nucleic acids. 5) Themethod of claim 1, wherein obtaining capillary blood comprises obtainingnot more than 1 milliliter of blood. 6) The method of claim 1, whereinobtaining capillary blood comprises obtaining not more than 100microliters of blood. 7) The method of claim 1, wherein obtainingcapillary blood comprises obtaining not more than 40 microliters ofblood. 8) The method of claim 1, wherein the target cell-free nucleicacids are cell-free nucleic acids from a tumor. 9) The method of claim1, wherein the target cell-free nucleic acids are cell-free nucleicacids from a fetus. 10) The method of claim 1, wherein the targetcell-free nucleic acids are cell-free nucleic acids from a transplantedtissue or organ. 11) A method comprising: a) obtaining a biologicalsample from a subject, wherein the biological sample contains up toabout 10⁹ cell-free nucleic acid molecules; b) sequencing at least aportion of the cell-free nucleic acid molecules to produce sequencingreads; c) measuring at least a portion of sequencing reads correspondingto at least one chromosomal region; and d) detecting a normalrepresentation, an overrepresentation or an underrepresentation of theat least one chromosomal region. 12) The method of claim 11, wherein thebiological sample is a biological fluid having a volume of less thanabout 500 μl. 13) The method of claim 11, wherein the biological sampleis a biological fluid having a volume of about 1 μL to about 100 μl. 14)The method of claim 11, wherein the biological sample is a biologicalfluid having a volume of about 5 μL to about 80 μl. 15) The method ofclaim 11, wherein the biological sample comprises blood, plasma, serum,urine, interstitial fluid, vaginal cells, vaginal fluid, buccal cells,or saliva. 16) The method of claim 11, wherein the biological sample isserum or plasma. 17) The method of claim 11, further comprisingseparating the plasma or serum from a blood sample. 18) The method ofclaim 17, wherein separating comprises filtering the blood sample toremove cells, cell fragments, microvesicles, or a combination thereof,from the blood sample to produce the plasma sample. 19) The method ofclaim 17, wherein obtaining the blood sample comprises pricking afinger. 20) The method of claim 11, wherein the biological samplecontains about 10⁴ to about 10⁹ cell-free nucleic acid molecules. 21)The method of claim 11, wherein the biological sample contains about 10⁴to about 10⁷ cell-free nucleic acid molecules. 22) The method of claim11, wherein the biological sample contains less than 300 pg of cell-freenucleic acid molecules. 23) The method of claim 11, wherein thebiological sample contains less than 3 ng of cell-free nucleic acidmolecules. 24) The method of claim 11, wherein the subject is a pregnantsubject and the cell-free nucleic acid molecules comprise cell-freefetal nucleic acid molecules. 25) The method of claim 11, wherein thecell-free nucleic acids comprise nucleic acids from a tumor in a tissue.26) A system comprising: a) a sample collector configured to collect afluid sample of a subject; b) a sample processor that is configured toisolate a sample component from the fluid sample; c) a nucleic aciddetector that is configured to detect nucleic acids in the fluid sampleor the sample component; and d) a nucleic acid information output. 27)The system of claim 26, wherein the sample collector comprises atransdermal puncture device. 28) The system of claim 27, wherein thetransdermal puncture device comprises at least one of a needle, alancet, a microneedle, a vacuum, and a microneedle array. 29) The systemof claim 26, wherein the sample component is selected from a cell, acarbohydrate, a phospholipid, a protein, a nucleic acid, and amicrovesicle. 30) The system of claim 26, wherein the sample componentis a blood cell. 31) The system of claim 26, wherein the samplecomponent does not comprise a cell-free nucleic acid. 32) The system ofclaim 26, wherein the sample component comprises a cell-free nucleicacid. 33) The system of claim 26, wherein the sample component is plasmaor serum. 34) The system of claim 33, wherein the sample purifier isconfigured to isolate plasma from less than 1 milliliter of blood. 35)The system of claim 33, wherein the sample purifier is configured toisolate plasma from less than 250 μl of blood. 36) The system of claim26, wherein the nucleic acid detector comprises a nucleic acidsequencer. 37) The system of claim 26, wherein the system is configuredto label nucleic acids of interest in the fluid sample, and the nucleicacid detector comprises a counting system that counts the labels todetect a representation of the nucleic acids of interest in the sample.38) The system of claim 26, comprising at least one nucleic acidamplification reagent and at least one crowding agent. 39) The system ofclaim 26, comprising at least a first label for producing a library ofcell-free nucleic acids from the fluid sample, and at least oneamplification reagent. 40) The system of claim 26, wherein the nucleicacid sequence output is selected from a wireless communication device, awired communication device, a cable port, and an electronic display. 41)The system of claim 26, wherein all components of the system are presentin a single location. 42) The system of claim 26, wherein all componentsof the system are housed in a single device. 43) The system of claim 26,wherein the sample collector is located at a first location and at leastone of the sample purifier and nucleic acid detector are secondlocation. 44) The system of claim 26, wherein the sample collector andat least one of the sample purifier and nucleic acid detector are at thesame location. 45) The system of claim 26, wherein the sample purifiercomprises a filter. 46) The system of claim 45, wherein the filter has apore size of about 0.05 microns to about 2 microns. 47) The system ofclaim 26, comprising a transport or storage compartment for transportingor storing at least a portion of the fluid sample. 48) The system ofclaim 47, wherein the transport or storage compartment comprises anabsorption pad, a fluid container, a sample preservative, or acombination thereof.